This is my very first attempt to post in my blog directly from my word. Test Transmission
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
Monday, December 20, 2010
Impact of globalization in Nepali women journalists
Objective
For my term paper I have chosen the topic, 'Impact of globalization in the female participation in media." The face of media and its content has been changing with the change in time. Similarly the core topic like women and media has also been in the phase of changing due to modernization. Women's involvement in media is the key topic to discuss in the field of mass communication. It is because they have always been regarded in terms of minority. Talking about the issues few years back, when we watch women in television, they are always assigned easy jobs, like reading the lines and reporting of their male colleague. Very few can be seen in the field doing the reporting, but these days the context is different. We find women in the field as well, with pen and paper, camera. There's nothing as such that women cannot do in the present day. Still the question arises, why don't we get enough and active participation from women if the scenario has changed?
My paper will thus try to touch these questions and find reasons behind less involvement of female in media. It will also try to see the direct and indirect role of foreign media to change the perspective of people to
Methodology
In order to make my paper authentic and readable I took information from write ups of various scholars. I also took the views and thoughts of women journalists who have been working in the newsprint and radio for more than decades. I asked the general people and their thoughts regarding my research. I took some of the famous scholars thoughts from the journals related to female participation in media. Various scholars and their views on globalization and issues relating female participation is also kept into consideration.
Discussion
Worldwide diffusion of practices, expansion of relations across continents, organization of social life on a global scale, and growth of a shared global consciousness is what is referred as globalization. Today, shared global consciousness has brought about change in the field of active participation of women in media. The scenario few years back was not like this. We could hardly see any women participation in national dailies, radio, television and other forms of media. Some way or the other, condition is still the same. There is participation of female, but not in the mainstream media.
We lack women's participation in the editorial board in the national dailies. The participation of women in the editorial departments of the Nepali news media is pathetic. The situation was even worse a decade ago, given the fact that there were only two and government owned broadsheet daily papers published till the early 1990's. There are now more than 10 broadsheet daily newspapers published from Kathmandu. Still, we don't see any active participation in the editorial board. But the promising and good part of the change is that we have seen female reporters, issues related to female and as a whole there is some involvement in the print media.
Similar case is with the television station and FM, radio. Private television services are a recent development; private FM radio stations are about a decade old. There are rarely very few number of participation of women. With the arrival and expansion of FM, radio and television services in the private sector, the number of women involved in the news media has increased. Many women are restricted to reading the news for radio and television. Be it in the newspapers or in the broadcast media, women are rarely given "important" beat such as political parties, prime minister's office and foreign ministry. Women columnists in newspapers were almost non-existent, but now days we can see that there are very good writers who have really proved themselves with their writing.
There are, however, miles to go before actually raising the level of women's participation in the Nepali news media sector. Beena Kharel, one of the journalists says: "Workplace discrimination against women is a well known fact, particularly those concerning inequalities in pay, unequal distribution of quantity and quality of work, obstacles to upward movement through discriminatory promotion policies and the physical design of the workplace not suited to promote gender equality. The Nepali problem of workplace discrimination regarding women is huge. Since women journalists are themselves 'marginalized', incentives and effective media policy are needed to bring them into the mainstream. As we have seen that there is sudden change going on regarding female participation in media, we can still hope for great changes, the change of providing the mainstream journalism to female as well."
Although media professionalism in the last several years has improved, there are still many miles to traverse. Ram Krishna Regmee says: "A lack of uniformity in the norms, values, processes and styles followed by the people involved in the profession is also making it difficult for journalism to take shape of a completely developed profession. The situation of having to always define Nepali journalism arose due to the absence of a tradition of taking persons who have a long experience in the field as examples, and the reluctance to take the substantive works done in the field in the past as a guide to the future."
In the wake of sweeping changes in the Nepali political spectrum since April 2006, there are hopes that women's participation in the media will increase significantly. With rising emphasis on filling in at least 33 percent of the seats with women in various representative bodies, the Fourth Estate might also be positively affected in larger media organizations where the editorial departments are structured reasonably well.
There are complaints that the case and cause of women journalists has been adequately raised in public for positive consideration chiefly because of absence of professional organizations taking up the issue extensively and persistently. Rekha Shrestha, a correspondent at The Himalayan Times said: "There are NGO's for women in Nepal. They conduct research on women in journalism and the media, raise all manner of issues related to women, and sometimes organizes interactions. They are opinion makers when it comes to formulating plans and policies regarding women. These organizations however are more concerned in mainstreaming women's issues in the media. In other words, they are focused on how to get more and better media coverage on issues related to women. There is no professional organization constituted by working women journalists to interact and share their experiences."
To Shanta Thapaliya: "A section of the traditional media has always downplayed women's right. In fact, they underestimated the potential of women."
Conclusion/suggestion
Women were and are still being used as a means of branding in media. They are in state of rising.
References
Adhikary, Nirmala Mani, Communication, Media and Journalism An Integrated study, Kathmandu: Prashanti Publication, 2008
Kharel. P, -----------------, Kathmandu: Supravaha Publication (P.) Ltd., 2006
मास्के, सुसन. नेपाली सञ्चारमाध्यम र महिला सक्रयता. अस्मिता. जेठ, असार. वर्ष ११, अङ्क ४९, पृ. ७–१७, २०५५
थपा, मञ्जु. पत्रकारितामा महिला प्रश्न. पहिलो संस्करण. काठमाडौँः इन्द्रेणी अफसेट प्रेस. २०५९.
For my term paper I have chosen the topic, 'Impact of globalization in the female participation in media." The face of media and its content has been changing with the change in time. Similarly the core topic like women and media has also been in the phase of changing due to modernization. Women's involvement in media is the key topic to discuss in the field of mass communication. It is because they have always been regarded in terms of minority. Talking about the issues few years back, when we watch women in television, they are always assigned easy jobs, like reading the lines and reporting of their male colleague. Very few can be seen in the field doing the reporting, but these days the context is different. We find women in the field as well, with pen and paper, camera. There's nothing as such that women cannot do in the present day. Still the question arises, why don't we get enough and active participation from women if the scenario has changed?
My paper will thus try to touch these questions and find reasons behind less involvement of female in media. It will also try to see the direct and indirect role of foreign media to change the perspective of people to
Methodology
In order to make my paper authentic and readable I took information from write ups of various scholars. I also took the views and thoughts of women journalists who have been working in the newsprint and radio for more than decades. I asked the general people and their thoughts regarding my research. I took some of the famous scholars thoughts from the journals related to female participation in media. Various scholars and their views on globalization and issues relating female participation is also kept into consideration.
Discussion
Worldwide diffusion of practices, expansion of relations across continents, organization of social life on a global scale, and growth of a shared global consciousness is what is referred as globalization. Today, shared global consciousness has brought about change in the field of active participation of women in media. The scenario few years back was not like this. We could hardly see any women participation in national dailies, radio, television and other forms of media. Some way or the other, condition is still the same. There is participation of female, but not in the mainstream media.
We lack women's participation in the editorial board in the national dailies. The participation of women in the editorial departments of the Nepali news media is pathetic. The situation was even worse a decade ago, given the fact that there were only two and government owned broadsheet daily papers published till the early 1990's. There are now more than 10 broadsheet daily newspapers published from Kathmandu. Still, we don't see any active participation in the editorial board. But the promising and good part of the change is that we have seen female reporters, issues related to female and as a whole there is some involvement in the print media.
Similar case is with the television station and FM, radio. Private television services are a recent development; private FM radio stations are about a decade old. There are rarely very few number of participation of women. With the arrival and expansion of FM, radio and television services in the private sector, the number of women involved in the news media has increased. Many women are restricted to reading the news for radio and television. Be it in the newspapers or in the broadcast media, women are rarely given "important" beat such as political parties, prime minister's office and foreign ministry. Women columnists in newspapers were almost non-existent, but now days we can see that there are very good writers who have really proved themselves with their writing.
There are, however, miles to go before actually raising the level of women's participation in the Nepali news media sector. Beena Kharel, one of the journalists says: "Workplace discrimination against women is a well known fact, particularly those concerning inequalities in pay, unequal distribution of quantity and quality of work, obstacles to upward movement through discriminatory promotion policies and the physical design of the workplace not suited to promote gender equality. The Nepali problem of workplace discrimination regarding women is huge. Since women journalists are themselves 'marginalized', incentives and effective media policy are needed to bring them into the mainstream. As we have seen that there is sudden change going on regarding female participation in media, we can still hope for great changes, the change of providing the mainstream journalism to female as well."
Although media professionalism in the last several years has improved, there are still many miles to traverse. Ram Krishna Regmee says: "A lack of uniformity in the norms, values, processes and styles followed by the people involved in the profession is also making it difficult for journalism to take shape of a completely developed profession. The situation of having to always define Nepali journalism arose due to the absence of a tradition of taking persons who have a long experience in the field as examples, and the reluctance to take the substantive works done in the field in the past as a guide to the future."
In the wake of sweeping changes in the Nepali political spectrum since April 2006, there are hopes that women's participation in the media will increase significantly. With rising emphasis on filling in at least 33 percent of the seats with women in various representative bodies, the Fourth Estate might also be positively affected in larger media organizations where the editorial departments are structured reasonably well.
There are complaints that the case and cause of women journalists has been adequately raised in public for positive consideration chiefly because of absence of professional organizations taking up the issue extensively and persistently. Rekha Shrestha, a correspondent at The Himalayan Times said: "There are NGO's for women in Nepal. They conduct research on women in journalism and the media, raise all manner of issues related to women, and sometimes organizes interactions. They are opinion makers when it comes to formulating plans and policies regarding women. These organizations however are more concerned in mainstreaming women's issues in the media. In other words, they are focused on how to get more and better media coverage on issues related to women. There is no professional organization constituted by working women journalists to interact and share their experiences."
To Shanta Thapaliya: "A section of the traditional media has always downplayed women's right. In fact, they underestimated the potential of women."
Conclusion/suggestion
Women were and are still being used as a means of branding in media. They are in state of rising.
References
Adhikary, Nirmala Mani, Communication, Media and Journalism An Integrated study, Kathmandu: Prashanti Publication, 2008
Kharel. P, -----------------, Kathmandu: Supravaha Publication (P.) Ltd., 2006
मास्के, सुसन. नेपाली सञ्चारमाध्यम र महिला सक्रयता. अस्मिता. जेठ, असार. वर्ष ११, अङ्क ४९, पृ. ७–१७, २०५५
थपा, मञ्जु. पत्रकारितामा महिला प्रश्न. पहिलो संस्करण. काठमाडौँः इन्द्रेणी अफसेट प्रेस. २०५९.
के.यू.का क्लब
के.यू.को विभागीय क्लबहरुलाई सक्रिय बनाउने अभिप्रायले सम्पूर्ण क्लबहरू एकजुट भइ काम गर्ने निर्णयमा पुगेका छन् । प्राय सबै विभागीय क्लबहरुको उपस्थिति रहेको उक्त भेलामा प्रस्तावकद्वय सुलभ विष्ट र लाल बहादुर बूडाले उक्त क्लब विशुद्ध अनौपचारिक संयन्त्र रहने बताएका थिए । यस संयन्त्रले के.यू.का क्लबहरुबीच समन्वय गरी विभिन्न सिर्जनात्मक कार्यक्रमहरु गर्नेछ । साथै यो कुनै नयाँ क्लब नभएको कुरा बारम्बार प्रस्ट्याउँदै थिए । प्राय स्वागत कार्यक्रम र विदाई कार्यक्रम गर्नमा सीमित रहने विभागीय क्लबहरुका लागि यो सही थालनी भएको भेलामा उपस्थित सबैको एक मत थियो । मानव दक्षता विकास गर्ने खालका कार्यक्रमहरु ल्याउने सोचले गठन गर्न लागिएको उक्त संयन्त्र निकट भविष्यमा उदाहरणीय बन्न सके फलदायी हुने थियो ।
केयूका नयाँ अनुहार
“आज ड्राफ्टरले एउटा होरिजोन्टल लाइने बनाउन पनि पन्ध्र मिनेट लाग्यो भन्या !” ब्लाक एण्ड व्हइट स्ट्राइप्स लुगा लगाएकी एकजना प्रथम वर्षकी छात्राले फोटोकपी नजिक यसरी आफ्नो कुरा साथीसँग भन्दै थिइन् । नयाँ सोच, नयाँ लक्ष्य बोकेर आफ्नो भविष्यलाई सुनिस्चित पार्नका लागि काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालयमा आएका नयाँ अनुहार वा भनौँ नयाँ विद्यार्थीहरू मध्यको एउटा समूहको आवाज हो यो ।
त्यस्तै लाइब्रेरी बाहिर गोलाकार पारेर केही यूवाको जमात मध्यका मेकानिकल प्रथम वर्षका सुवास थपलियाले यसो भन्दै थिए, “मेकानिकल वर्कसप अति नै रमाइलो भइरहेको छ । पहिलो पटक भएकाले फलाम काट्ने काम अनि निलो एप्रोन लगाएर काम गर्दा निकै अनौठो महसुस गरिरहेको छु ।” यसरी कहिले यहाँ कहिले गेट नजिकको होटलमा त कहिले घर फर्किन लाग्दा यस्ता ताजा एवम् रोचक कुराकानी सबैले सुनेकै हुनुपर्दछ वर्तमान अवस्थामा ।
कहिले दिदीको खाना मीठो त कहिले किचनको अनि कहिले एच.केको । दिन प्रति दिन नयाँ नयाँ ठाउँमा जाँदै नयाँ स्वाद चाख्दै रमाईलो गफ गर्दै त कहिले पुराना विद्यार्थीहरूको जमघटलाई नियाल्दै नयाँ अनुहार केहि उत्साहित मुद«ामा रहेको महसुस गर्न सकिन्छ । केही गरौँ, केही सिकौँ भन्ने सोचका साथ आएका यी नयाँ अनुहार मौकामा केही गर्ने ।
प्रथम वर्षे विद्यार्थीहरु खेलकुद मैदान वरपर पनि पुराना विद्यार्थीहरूसँग घुलमुुल भइसकेको भान हुन्छ । अँझ भनौँ उनीहरु अहिले देखिनै बास्केटबल अनि फुटबल मैदानमा छाइसकेका छन् । यो एउटा यस्तो खुला ठाउँ हो जहाँ प्रथमदेखि अन्तिम चौँथो वर्षका सबै एकैठाउँमा भेला हुन्छन् र चिनजान गर्ने एउटा राम्रो अवसर प्रदान हुन्छ ।
यस्तै अलि गम्भिर सोच भएका विद्यार्थीहरू पनि देखिए । यस्तैमा पर्छन् अनुप प्रधान जो भन्दै थिए, “जर्नल बनाउन सुरू पनि गरेको छैन तर खास त छिट्टै सुरू गर्नुपर्ने” । आफूभन्दा अलि अग्रजबाट पनि केही सिक्ने हेतुले उनीहरुले आफ्नो चिनजानको शिलशिला निकै दु्रत गतिमा बढाएका छन् । “वेलकम प्रोगाम कहिले हुने हो ?” जस्ता प्रश्नदेखि “वोइ आज हामी कता खाना खान जाने” सम्मका कुराहरु विद्यार्थीका मुखमा झुण्डिरहने पाइयो ।
त्यस्तै केयूमा अरू थप समय विताएपछि मात्र यसका बारेमा केही भन्न सक्ने बताउँछिन् प्रशन्ना श्रेष्ठ । अनि सबै विषय नै नयाँ अनि रोमाञ्चक लागेको पनि उनको भनाइ थियो । कति जना विरामी पर्दै कक्षा जाँदैछन् भने धेरैको गुनासो विदा नहुनेका बारेमा रहेको छ । प्राय काठमाडौँमा हप्ताको दुई दिन पचाएर आएका यी विद्यार्थी यहाँ विदा कम हुँदा केही असजिलो भएकोले केयूको वातावरणमा एडजस्ट गर्न अलि टाइम लाग्ने पनि बताउँछन् ।
कतिले आफ्नो कुरा सोझै रुपमा राखे भने कतिले हिचकिचाएर बोल्न पनि अप्ठ्यारो माने । केयूका विद्यार्थीहरू अहिले देखि नै आफ्नो भविष्यप्रति गम्भिर भएको देख्दा खुसी नै लाग्यो । नयाँ विचार एवम् नयाँ धारका उनीहरु आफ्नो क्षेत्रबाट केही गर्न खोज्दैछन् । केयूको परम्परा अनि यहाँको हावापानीमा घुलमिल हुन अझै समय लाग्ने स्वभाविक नै हो । तर गलत संगत एवम् कुलतको सिकारमा यी नयाँ जोस नफसुन । त्यही नै हाम्रो कामना र चाहना हो । केयूको यो माहोलमा रमाएर पढ्ने लेख्ने कामका साथै अन्य अतिरिक्त व्रिmयाकलापलाई अगाडि बढाउनु, त्यही नै सबैको हितका लागि ठीक हुन्छ होला ।
त्यस्तै लाइब्रेरी बाहिर गोलाकार पारेर केही यूवाको जमात मध्यका मेकानिकल प्रथम वर्षका सुवास थपलियाले यसो भन्दै थिए, “मेकानिकल वर्कसप अति नै रमाइलो भइरहेको छ । पहिलो पटक भएकाले फलाम काट्ने काम अनि निलो एप्रोन लगाएर काम गर्दा निकै अनौठो महसुस गरिरहेको छु ।” यसरी कहिले यहाँ कहिले गेट नजिकको होटलमा त कहिले घर फर्किन लाग्दा यस्ता ताजा एवम् रोचक कुराकानी सबैले सुनेकै हुनुपर्दछ वर्तमान अवस्थामा ।
कहिले दिदीको खाना मीठो त कहिले किचनको अनि कहिले एच.केको । दिन प्रति दिन नयाँ नयाँ ठाउँमा जाँदै नयाँ स्वाद चाख्दै रमाईलो गफ गर्दै त कहिले पुराना विद्यार्थीहरूको जमघटलाई नियाल्दै नयाँ अनुहार केहि उत्साहित मुद«ामा रहेको महसुस गर्न सकिन्छ । केही गरौँ, केही सिकौँ भन्ने सोचका साथ आएका यी नयाँ अनुहार मौकामा केही गर्ने ।
प्रथम वर्षे विद्यार्थीहरु खेलकुद मैदान वरपर पनि पुराना विद्यार्थीहरूसँग घुलमुुल भइसकेको भान हुन्छ । अँझ भनौँ उनीहरु अहिले देखिनै बास्केटबल अनि फुटबल मैदानमा छाइसकेका छन् । यो एउटा यस्तो खुला ठाउँ हो जहाँ प्रथमदेखि अन्तिम चौँथो वर्षका सबै एकैठाउँमा भेला हुन्छन् र चिनजान गर्ने एउटा राम्रो अवसर प्रदान हुन्छ ।
यस्तै अलि गम्भिर सोच भएका विद्यार्थीहरू पनि देखिए । यस्तैमा पर्छन् अनुप प्रधान जो भन्दै थिए, “जर्नल बनाउन सुरू पनि गरेको छैन तर खास त छिट्टै सुरू गर्नुपर्ने” । आफूभन्दा अलि अग्रजबाट पनि केही सिक्ने हेतुले उनीहरुले आफ्नो चिनजानको शिलशिला निकै दु्रत गतिमा बढाएका छन् । “वेलकम प्रोगाम कहिले हुने हो ?” जस्ता प्रश्नदेखि “वोइ आज हामी कता खाना खान जाने” सम्मका कुराहरु विद्यार्थीका मुखमा झुण्डिरहने पाइयो ।
त्यस्तै केयूमा अरू थप समय विताएपछि मात्र यसका बारेमा केही भन्न सक्ने बताउँछिन् प्रशन्ना श्रेष्ठ । अनि सबै विषय नै नयाँ अनि रोमाञ्चक लागेको पनि उनको भनाइ थियो । कति जना विरामी पर्दै कक्षा जाँदैछन् भने धेरैको गुनासो विदा नहुनेका बारेमा रहेको छ । प्राय काठमाडौँमा हप्ताको दुई दिन पचाएर आएका यी विद्यार्थी यहाँ विदा कम हुँदा केही असजिलो भएकोले केयूको वातावरणमा एडजस्ट गर्न अलि टाइम लाग्ने पनि बताउँछन् ।
कतिले आफ्नो कुरा सोझै रुपमा राखे भने कतिले हिचकिचाएर बोल्न पनि अप्ठ्यारो माने । केयूका विद्यार्थीहरू अहिले देखि नै आफ्नो भविष्यप्रति गम्भिर भएको देख्दा खुसी नै लाग्यो । नयाँ विचार एवम् नयाँ धारका उनीहरु आफ्नो क्षेत्रबाट केही गर्न खोज्दैछन् । केयूको परम्परा अनि यहाँको हावापानीमा घुलमिल हुन अझै समय लाग्ने स्वभाविक नै हो । तर गलत संगत एवम् कुलतको सिकारमा यी नयाँ जोस नफसुन । त्यही नै हाम्रो कामना र चाहना हो । केयूको यो माहोलमा रमाएर पढ्ने लेख्ने कामका साथै अन्य अतिरिक्त व्रिmयाकलापलाई अगाडि बढाउनु, त्यही नै सबैको हितका लागि ठीक हुन्छ होला ।
एम्नेष्टि केयू नेटवर्कको भावि रणनीति
मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धी काम गर्ने अन्तराष्ट्रिय संस्था एम्नेष्टि इन्टरनेसनल नेपालको मातहतमा रहि काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालय –के.यू.)मा करिव तीन वर्ष अगाडि गठित यो नेटवर्क अब विधिवत रूपमा क्लबमा परिणत गर्ने तयारीमा रहेको छ ।
स्थापना कालको करिब डेढ वर्ष निकै सक्रिय रूपमा रहेको यस संस्थाले हालका वर्षमा आएर आफ्नो कामलाई सीमित बनाई रहेको थियो । यसका बारेमा जानकारी लिँदा हालका संयोजक इन्भारोमेन्ट इन्जिनियरिङ चौँथो वर्षका अनुग्र के.सी यसो भन्छन्, “सदस्यहरू बढ्दै गए र कार्यक्रमहरू पनि हुँदै गए तर समग्रमा एकै छानामुनी बसेर काम गर्न खासै मौका नमिलेकोमा भने केही दुरी बढेको महसुस गरिएको हो । त्यसै कारण पनि यस नेटवर्कलाई विधिवत रूपमा केयूका अन्य क्लबहरू सरह परिणत गर्ने कार्यमा हामी लागि परेका छौँ । यसपछि क्रमशः नयाँ कार्यक्रम गर्ने हाम्रो लक्ष्य छ ।” उनका अनुसार आउँदा दिनहरूमा मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धि गोष्ठि, बहस एवम् जागरणका कार्यक्रम ल्याउने तयारीका लागि यो समूह हाल आन्तरिक छलफलमा व्यस्त रहेको छ । नयाँ विद्यार्थीलाई लक्षित गरी यस संस्थाले गरेका थुप्रै नयाँ कार्यक्रमहरू एवम् योजनाहरूका बारे जानकारी गराउने उद्देश्यले एउटा रोमाञ्चक कार्यक्रम ल्याउने तयारी पनि गरेको छ ।
स्थापना कालको करिब डेढ वर्ष निकै सक्रिय रूपमा रहेको यस संस्थाले हालका वर्षमा आएर आफ्नो कामलाई सीमित बनाई रहेको थियो । यसका बारेमा जानकारी लिँदा हालका संयोजक इन्भारोमेन्ट इन्जिनियरिङ चौँथो वर्षका अनुग्र के.सी यसो भन्छन्, “सदस्यहरू बढ्दै गए र कार्यक्रमहरू पनि हुँदै गए तर समग्रमा एकै छानामुनी बसेर काम गर्न खासै मौका नमिलेकोमा भने केही दुरी बढेको महसुस गरिएको हो । त्यसै कारण पनि यस नेटवर्कलाई विधिवत रूपमा केयूका अन्य क्लबहरू सरह परिणत गर्ने कार्यमा हामी लागि परेका छौँ । यसपछि क्रमशः नयाँ कार्यक्रम गर्ने हाम्रो लक्ष्य छ ।” उनका अनुसार आउँदा दिनहरूमा मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धि गोष्ठि, बहस एवम् जागरणका कार्यक्रम ल्याउने तयारीका लागि यो समूह हाल आन्तरिक छलफलमा व्यस्त रहेको छ । नयाँ विद्यार्थीलाई लक्षित गरी यस संस्थाले गरेका थुप्रै नयाँ कार्यक्रमहरू एवम् योजनाहरूका बारे जानकारी गराउने उद्देश्यले एउटा रोमाञ्चक कार्यक्रम ल्याउने तयारी पनि गरेको छ ।
नेपाल छोड्न तयार अर्को नेपाली ब्याच
“म त अहिले मज्जाले स्याट अनि टोफेल दिनमा व्यस्त भएको छु ।”, पुतलीसडकको व्यस्त सडकमा बुधबारको दिन हिँड्दै गरेका दुई युवकबीच भएको कुराकानीको एउटा सानो अंश हो यो । यस्ता युवा युवती अहिलेको समयमा पुतलीसडक, जावलाखेल वरपर छ्याप्छ्यप्ती भेट्न सकिन्छ । ‘स्याट’, ‘टोफेल’ भनेका विदेश जानका लागि गरिने विशेष भाषिक पूर्व तयारीका कक्षा हुन् । नेपालबाट पढाइका लागि भनेर विदेश जाने चलनको विकास भएको धेरै भएको छैन । अहिलेको परिस्थितिमा कक्षा १२ सकाउन साथ युवापुस्ता विदेश जानका लागि तम्तयार रहन्छन् र सोही अनुरुपको तयारी पनि गर्छन् । कक्षा १२ को परीक्षा सकिनासाथ विद्यार्थीहरु टोफेल, स्याट, आइ. एल्ट्स जस्ता कक्षाहरु लिएर आफूलाई व्यस्त राख्ने त चलनप्रथा जस्तै भएको छ । हुन त खाली समय भएर पनि होला कतिले यसको राम्रै उपयोग गरेको देखिन्छ भने कतिले यसलाई ‘समय मार्ने’ कामका रुपमा मात्र लिएको पनि पाइन्छ ।
विदेश गएर राम्रो शिक्षा हाँसिल गर्नु भनेको देशको लागि अनि स्वयं व्यक्ति विशेषका लागि पनि विकासको एउटा खुड्किलो पार गर्नु सरह हो । गुणस्तरीय शिक्षाका लागि पहिले देखि विदेश जाने चलन थियो । हिजो आज आएर यसको माग गुणस्तरीय शिक्षाको भन्दा पनि अनिवार्य परम्पराको बनेको छ, वा भनौँ फ्यासनको रुपमा यसले बढावा पाइरहेको छ । पढ्ने कुरालाई छायाँमा राखी देश बाहिर गएर पढ्नुलाई प्राथमिकताका रुपमा राख्न थालिएको छ । “के पढ्ने ?” भन्दा पनि “कुन देशमा गएर पढ्ने ?” प्रश्न मुख्य बन्दै गएको छ ।
पहिलेको सन्दर्भमा भन्नुपर्दा नेपालमा गुणस्तर प्रदान गर्ने विश्वविद्यालयको अभावमा विदेशीनुपर्ने बाध्यता नेपाली युवाहरुमा थियो । त्यसका लागि छात्रवृत्तिको परीक्षा दिएर, राम्रै छात्रवृत्ति पाएर जाने चलन थिया, तर हाल आएर यसको स्वरुपमा हल्का परिवर्तन भने पक्कै भएको छ । छात्रवृत्ति भन्दा पनि घरपरिवारबाटै रकम लिएर पढ्न जाने चलन बढेको छ । त्यस्तै सकारात्मक सोच बोकी विदेश पढ्न हिँडेका युवाहरु पढाइ भन्दा पनि पढाइका लागि चाहिने रकम जुटाउन दिन रात काम गरेर पढाइलाई छाड्न समेत पछि नपरेको घटनाबाट हामी चिरपरिचित नै छौँ ।
घर परिवारले विदेश पठाएर पढाउन सक्छन्, सक्दैनन्, थाहा छैन । तर, उसलाई घरको सीमाबाट पर रहेर पढ्न जानु छ । परिवारबाट पनि यस्ता प्रस्तावनालाई निकै सराहना गरिन्छ । “मेरो छोरा अमेरिकामा पढ्छ ।”, “अष्टे«लियाको सिड्नीमा छ मेरी कान्छी छोरी”, भन्न कसका आमा बुबालाई मन नलाग्ला र ? कति घरबाट त जबरजस्ती पनि पठाउने गरिएको छ । गर्वको विषय बनेको छ विदेशी पढाइ नेपाली घर परिवारका लागि आज ।
यसरी देशको युवा पुस्ता जसलाई हामी देशको मेरुदण्ड भन्ने गर्दछौँ, ती आज विदेश जान तत्पर मात्र देखिदैनन् बारु उनीहरु आफू वरपर रहेका सबैलाई नै लिएर जाने सोचमा हुन्छन् । विदेशी भूमिमा गएर त्यहाँको ज्ञान र सीप लिएर घर फिर्ता आए त एउटा कुरा, यहाँ त नफर्किने पो हो कि भन्ने पीर पर्न थालिसकेको अवस्था छ । नेपालमा पनि पढाइका लागि अहिलेको समयमा विभिन्न विश्वविद्यालयहरु नभएका भने होइनन् । आफूले रोजेको र खोजेको विषय पढ्न सजिलै पाउन सक्ने अवस्था आएको छ तर पनि विदेश नै पहिलो रोजाइ राख्नुमा विभिन्न कारणहरु हुनसक्छन् । तर वर्तमान अवस्थामा कक्षा बाह्रको परीक्षाको नतिजा प्रकाशनसँगै नेपाली भूमि छाडेर विदेशी भूमिमा पढ्न जानेको संख्या कति हुन्छ, हुँदैन त्यो हेर्न बाँकी नै छ । तर जान लाग्नुभएका साथीहरुमा यो अनुरोध त पक्कै गर्न सकिन्छ कि, त्यहाँको सीपलाई यहाँ आफ्नो भूमिमा सक्दो भित्र्याउनुहोला । अनि मात्र तपाईको विदेशी शिक्षा सही मान्यतामा उपयोगी सावित हुनेछ ।
विदेश गएर राम्रो शिक्षा हाँसिल गर्नु भनेको देशको लागि अनि स्वयं व्यक्ति विशेषका लागि पनि विकासको एउटा खुड्किलो पार गर्नु सरह हो । गुणस्तरीय शिक्षाका लागि पहिले देखि विदेश जाने चलन थियो । हिजो आज आएर यसको माग गुणस्तरीय शिक्षाको भन्दा पनि अनिवार्य परम्पराको बनेको छ, वा भनौँ फ्यासनको रुपमा यसले बढावा पाइरहेको छ । पढ्ने कुरालाई छायाँमा राखी देश बाहिर गएर पढ्नुलाई प्राथमिकताका रुपमा राख्न थालिएको छ । “के पढ्ने ?” भन्दा पनि “कुन देशमा गएर पढ्ने ?” प्रश्न मुख्य बन्दै गएको छ ।
पहिलेको सन्दर्भमा भन्नुपर्दा नेपालमा गुणस्तर प्रदान गर्ने विश्वविद्यालयको अभावमा विदेशीनुपर्ने बाध्यता नेपाली युवाहरुमा थियो । त्यसका लागि छात्रवृत्तिको परीक्षा दिएर, राम्रै छात्रवृत्ति पाएर जाने चलन थिया, तर हाल आएर यसको स्वरुपमा हल्का परिवर्तन भने पक्कै भएको छ । छात्रवृत्ति भन्दा पनि घरपरिवारबाटै रकम लिएर पढ्न जाने चलन बढेको छ । त्यस्तै सकारात्मक सोच बोकी विदेश पढ्न हिँडेका युवाहरु पढाइ भन्दा पनि पढाइका लागि चाहिने रकम जुटाउन दिन रात काम गरेर पढाइलाई छाड्न समेत पछि नपरेको घटनाबाट हामी चिरपरिचित नै छौँ ।
घर परिवारले विदेश पठाएर पढाउन सक्छन्, सक्दैनन्, थाहा छैन । तर, उसलाई घरको सीमाबाट पर रहेर पढ्न जानु छ । परिवारबाट पनि यस्ता प्रस्तावनालाई निकै सराहना गरिन्छ । “मेरो छोरा अमेरिकामा पढ्छ ।”, “अष्टे«लियाको सिड्नीमा छ मेरी कान्छी छोरी”, भन्न कसका आमा बुबालाई मन नलाग्ला र ? कति घरबाट त जबरजस्ती पनि पठाउने गरिएको छ । गर्वको विषय बनेको छ विदेशी पढाइ नेपाली घर परिवारका लागि आज ।
यसरी देशको युवा पुस्ता जसलाई हामी देशको मेरुदण्ड भन्ने गर्दछौँ, ती आज विदेश जान तत्पर मात्र देखिदैनन् बारु उनीहरु आफू वरपर रहेका सबैलाई नै लिएर जाने सोचमा हुन्छन् । विदेशी भूमिमा गएर त्यहाँको ज्ञान र सीप लिएर घर फिर्ता आए त एउटा कुरा, यहाँ त नफर्किने पो हो कि भन्ने पीर पर्न थालिसकेको अवस्था छ । नेपालमा पनि पढाइका लागि अहिलेको समयमा विभिन्न विश्वविद्यालयहरु नभएका भने होइनन् । आफूले रोजेको र खोजेको विषय पढ्न सजिलै पाउन सक्ने अवस्था आएको छ तर पनि विदेश नै पहिलो रोजाइ राख्नुमा विभिन्न कारणहरु हुनसक्छन् । तर वर्तमान अवस्थामा कक्षा बाह्रको परीक्षाको नतिजा प्रकाशनसँगै नेपाली भूमि छाडेर विदेशी भूमिमा पढ्न जानेको संख्या कति हुन्छ, हुँदैन त्यो हेर्न बाँकी नै छ । तर जान लाग्नुभएका साथीहरुमा यो अनुरोध त पक्कै गर्न सकिन्छ कि, त्यहाँको सीपलाई यहाँ आफ्नो भूमिमा सक्दो भित्र्याउनुहोला । अनि मात्र तपाईको विदेशी शिक्षा सही मान्यतामा उपयोगी सावित हुनेछ ।
नव आगन्तुक
“ ओई पर्खी बस् ल म एकैछिन् फोटोकपी गरेर आउँछु , ला यो ड्राफ्टर समात्”, ड्रइङ क्लास सकेर फर्किरहेका तीन छात्रामध्येको एक जसले कालो सेतो बबल्स भएको लुगा लगाएकी उनले आफ्नो साथीसँग गरेको अनुरोध हो यो । काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालयमा औपचारिक रूपमा भर्ना भएर पढाइ सुरु भएको करिव दुई सातापछिको माहोलमा भएको एउटा सानो कुराकानीको अंश हो योे । हाल कोही आफ्नो कक्षा भएको ब्लक नपाएर अल्मलिरहेका छन् भने कोही कुन होटलको खाना मीठो होला भनेर दिनहुँ खाना खाने ठाउँ परिवर्तन गर्दै हिँडिरहेको भेटिन्छन् । हुन पनि अचम्मकै हुन्छ नव आगन्तुक विद्यार्थी हुँदाको यो रमझम । नयाँ माहोल, नयाँ उमँग, नयाँ जोश, नयाँ साथी अनि अयाँ माहोल पनि ।
Saturday, December 4, 2010
State of Media in India
Introduction to India
India, with a population of more than a billion, is a multiethnic, multilingual, multi-religious, pluralistic society. Politically it is a union of states (28 states and 7 union territories) and a sovereign, secular, democratic republic with a bicameral, multi-party, parliamentary system of government based on a universal adult franchise. It is governed by a written constitution, adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, which came into force on January 26, 1950. India was under the British crown 1858–1947; independence and partition into India and Pakistan came in 1947.
The president of India is Prativa Patil. The prime minister is Man Mohan Singh. The Capital of India is New Delhi. Influence and emergence of media is mostly affected by Bombay, Delhi, Hyderabad.
Media in India
The media system of India consists of different types of communications media, i.e. television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, books, Internet and several different new media (mobile phones, Ipod,etc). India also has a strong movie industry. Media system of India is taken as a free-market system. The deregulation and convergence are under way, leading to mega-mergers, further concentration of media ownership, and the emergence of multinational media conglomerates. Critics allege that localism, local news and other content at the community level, media spending and coverage of news, and diversity of ownership and views have suffered as a result of these processes of media concentration.
Politics and media:
Politics of India takes place in a framework of federal parliamentary multi-party representative democratic republic modeled after the British Westminster System. The Prime Minister of India is the head of government, while the President of India is the formal head of state and holds substantial reserve powers, placing him or her in approximately the same position as the British monarch. Executive power is exercised by the government. According to its constitution, India is a “sovereign socialist secular democratic republic.” India is the largest state by population with a democratically-elected government.
In India, the Press is free but subject to certain reasonable restrictions imposed by the Constitution of India, 1950, as amended (“Constitution”). Before the impact of globalization was felt, the mass media was wholly controlled by the government which let the media project only what the government wanted the public to see and in a way in which it wanted the public to see it. However, with the onset of globalization and privatization, the situation has undergone a humongous change.
Government control of the press:
Although freedom of the press in India is the legal norm--it is constitutionally guaranteed--the scope of this freedom has often been contested by the government. Rigid press censorship was imposed during the Emergency starting in 1975 but quickly retracted in 1977. The government has continued, however, to exercise more indirect controls. Government advertising accounts for as much as 50 percent of all advertisements in Indian newspapers, providing a monetary incentive to limit harsh criticism of the administration. Until 1992, when government regulation of access to newsprint was liberalized, controls on the distribution of newsprint could also be used to reward favored publications and threaten those that fell into disfavor. In 1988, at a time when the Indian press was publishing investigative reports about corruption and abuse of power in government, Parliament passed a tough defamation bill that mandated prison sentences for offending journalists. Vociferous protests from journalists and opposition party leaders ultimately forced the government to withdraw the bill. Since the late 1980s, the independence of India's press has been bolstered by the liberalization of government economic policy and the increase of private-sector advertising provided by the growth of India's private sector and the spread of consumerism.
Newspaper
Print Media started in 1780. The country consumed 99 million newspaper copies as of 2007—making it the second largest market in the world for newspapers. There are four major publishing groups in India, each of which controls national and regional English-language and vernacular publications. They are the Times of India Group, the Indian Express Group, the Hindustan Times Group, and the Anandabazar Patrika Group. The Times of India is India’s largest English-language daily, with a circulation of 656,000 published in six cities. The Indian Express, with a daily circulation of 519,000, is published in seventeen cities. There are also seven other daily newspapers with circulations of between 134,000 and 477,000, all in English and all competitive with one another. There are also numerous smaller publications throughout the nation. The combined circulation of India’s newspapers and periodicals is in the order of 60 million, published daily in more than ninety languages. 1990 the number of daily newspapers had grown to 2,856, with 209 in English and 2,647 in indigenous languages.
Malayala Manorama is a popular Malayalam daily newspaper in Kerela, India. This is India's largest circulated "regional newspaper". The Manorama group, which manages the newspaper, also runs the Manorama Yearbook, a circulated yearbook in the region. Malayala Manorama, which first appeared on 14th March 1890, as a weekly, currently has a readership of over 15 million, with a circulation base of over 15 laks copies.Manorama is Kerala's largest selling and most widely read newspaper. Malayala Manorama has the largest readership among Malayalam dailies. The Malayalam word Manorama roughly translates to "Entertainer."
Magazines:
India has a large magazine industry with hundreds of magazines serving almost every interest, as can be determined by glancing at any newsstand in any large Indian city or states. Most magazines are owned by one of the large media conglomerates or by one of their smaller regional brethren.
India also has over a dozen major political magazines (the exact number is debatable, of course), serving every part of the political spectrum from left to right.
Finally, besides the hundreds of specialized magazines that serve the diverse interests and hobbies of the American people, there are also dozens of magazines published by professional organizations for their members, such as Communications of the ACM (for computer science specialists) and the ABA Journal (for lawyers).
Television:
As of 2009, India is among the 4th largest television broadcast association in the world with nearly 1,400 stations
Radio
Indian radio broadcasts in two bands: FM and AM. Some stations are only talk radio featuring interviews and discussions while music radio stations broadcast one particular type of music: Top 40, hip-hop, country, etc. Radio broadcast companies have become increasingly consolidated in recent years. All India Radio is the national radio network, but most radio stations are commercial and profit-oriented.
Radio broadcasting initiated in 1927. The Indian national radio, All India Radio or Akashwani, networks are state-owned and managed by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Their news reporting customarily presents the government’s point of view. For example, coverage of the 1989 election campaign blatantly favored the government of Rajiv Gandhi, and autonomy of the electronic media became a political issue.
News Agencies:
India has more than forty domestic news agencies. The Express News Service, the Press Trust of India, and the United News of India are among the major news agencies. They are headquartered in Delhi, Mumbai, and New Delhi, respectively, and employ foreign correspondents.
Recorded music industry:
The recorded music industry had its beginnings in 1907 when Gramophone Company of India was established in Calcutta. Almost every major international player in global music business has a presence in India. These include EMI- Virgin Records, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Bros, Polygram, Gramco (formerly HMV), BMG, Cresendo, CBS Records and others.
Indian companies include T-series, Bombino Music, Magana Sound, Oriental Records, Plus Music, Super records, Venus, Tips, Time, Zee music, Padmini Music and others.
Indi-pop has also imerged but Film music always remained dominated.
Advertising Agencies:
The first modern “advertising agency” started operating around 1875, when N.W. Ayer and Son of Philadephia offered to produce advertisements and also to contract for space in press.
Film industry:
India is the biggest film industry in the world on the basis of number of movies produced every year. 1000 movies per year is produced. On the economic basis, movie industry of India is the second largest industry. In average, two movies per day is produced in India, which not only includes Hindi language movies but also of other languages such as Bhojpuri, Tamil, Telogu, Marathi.
Internet:
The Internet has provided a means for newspapers and other media organizations to deliver news and, significantly, the means to look up old news. By 2009, India had a total of 81,000,000 internet users comprising 7.0% of the country's population, and 7,570,000 people in India also had access to broadband internet as of 2010 making it the 11th largest country in the world in terms of broadband internet users. As of 2009, India is among the 4th largest television broadcast association in the world with nearly 1,400 stations.
Some organizations only make limited amounts of their output available for free, and charge for access to the rest. Other organizations allow their archives to be freely browsed. It is possible that the latter type obtain more influence, as they are true to the spirit of freedom of information by virtue of making it free. Anyone who has followed external links only to be confronted with a pay to view banner, might attest that the reputations of organizations that charge is not enhanced by their charging policy, particularly when the same information is available from sources that don't charge.
The Internet, by means of making available such constantly growing news archives, is, in effect, writing our history as it happens, at a level of detail never before known. While proprietary archives are slowly exposed to the public after many decades, organizations that maintain immediately-updating resources have more control over what will be remembered by the general public in the near future.
Number of Daily Newspapers: 2,856
Number of Television Stations: more than 1400 stations
Number of Television Sets: 219,000,000
Television Sets 134 million households (out of 223 million) with television sets(103 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 20 million households are DTH subscribers.)
Number of Radio/FM Receivers: 279
Revenue from FM Stations: Rs 86 million as annual fee from the private FM radio broadcasters ('09)
Number of Radio/FM Receivers:
Number of Individuals with Computers: 161,000,000
Computers per 1,000: 579.0
Number of Individuals with Internet Access: 95,354,000
Internet Access per 1,000: 342.9
Media Ownership in India
Printing Press
The press of India is known to have a diverse ownership within the multilingual country. The top 10 newspapers control about half the daily circulations in all languages. However, ownership of some newspapers was argued to be controlled by monopoly houses. In North and South India, some escaped the monopolies and maintained their small regional newspapers. These were typically controlled by the family and caste of India.
Since May 1, 1995, all newsprint has been placed under ‘Open General License’, issued by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, whereby all newsprint can be imported by anyone. The Registrar of Newspapers for India is in charge of authenticating the certificate of registration.
Radio, Television Media
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting is the head for devising and administrating rules and regulations regarding broadcasting, the press and films. Its role is to oversee the access people have to media channels, such as radio, television, films, the press, publications, and advertising. It targets people not only within India, but tries to reach outside of the country as well.
Internet
The Internet Public Library (IPL) provides information on Indian newspapers. Media in India is readily accessible via the internet. As of 2002, there were 62 Indian newspapers available online.
Conclusion:
The Media systems in India enjoy freedom. Democracy has provided them to the license to expand to large business corporations and thus these media strongly stimulate the process of globalization. However, India as becoming one of the dominating and powerful countries affects not only its neighboring countries but also imposes its culture and trade to other countries. The Indian mainstream media system is very powerful and dangerous appendage of a system that does not give a damn about the advancement of the rest of humanity. Its true function is to project the worldview and culture of the imperial system, of which it is an integral component. Keeping the public as dumbed down as possible keeps their corporate clients happy and their political partners in power. After all, if most Indian truly knew that their country’s government was at the root of most of the nation’s international disputes, they actually might try to rise up and do something about it.
Thursday, July 15, 2010
के यू को कुना कुनामा विश्वकप
अमिर जोशी
विश्वकप फूटबल २०१० को रौनकमा नरमाउने सायदै कोही भेटिएला, अहिलेको माहोलमा । यसै पनि चार वर्षमा आउने यो महाउत्सव कसैका लागी रमाइलोको विषय बन्न पुगेको छ भने कतिका लागि राम्रो आमदानीको स्रोत ।
जहाँ गएपनि फूटबलले राम्रै स्थान पाएको छ । घरको कोठा, विद्यालयको बस, कक्षाकोठा, भीडमा हिँडिरहेको जमात, जहाँ त्यहीँ फूटबल अनि अबेर रातसम्म चलेको खेलको चर्चा सुन्न पाइन्छ । “के भो दाइ, आँखा त रातो रातो छ नि, बिरामी पर्नु भो कि क्या हो ?” भनेर चिया पिउँदै गर्दा एकजना चिया पसले दाइले गर्वका साथ भने, “फूटबल हेरेको थिएँ” । प्रश्न सोध्ने दाजुले पनि कुरा बुझेरनै त्यो खेलको विस्तृत छलफल सुरु गरे । हालत यो छ फूटबलको देशभर नैँ भनौँ ।
विश्वकप महासंग्रामको असर वा भनौँ त्यसको रौनक काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालयमा पनि राम्रोसँग नै छाएको देखिन्छ । केयूको मूलद्वारबाट छात्रावाससम्म जहिँतहीँ फूटबल नै फूटबल पाकिरहेको छ, अनि पकाइराखिएको छ । विश्वकप महासंग्रामका खेल दक्षिण अफ्रिकामा भैरहँदा यहाँ विश्वविद्यालय छात्रावासहरूमा कोही अर्जेन्टिनाको त कोही ब्राजिलको जर्सी लगाएर समर्थन गरिरहेका भेटिन्छन् । छात्रावासभित्रै रहेर पनि विद्यार्थीहरुले विश्वकपको भरपुर मनोरञ्जन लिन पाएका छन् । साथै पुरुष छात्रावास भित्रको सोसियल हलमा राखिएको प्रोजेक्टर अनि ठूलो साउन्ड बक्सका कारण भने यहाँ अर्कै रौनक देख्न पाइन्छ । खेल साँझमा होस् चाहे मध्यरातमा, फुर्सदको समय होस्, चाहे आन्तरिक परीक्षाको बेलामा नै, यहाँ खेलप्रेमी दर्शकको राम्रै भीड देखिन्छ । वा भनौँ दर्शकको कमी कहिल्यै भेटिँदैन ।
त्यसैगरी, छात्रावासमा फूटबलको रौनक छाइरहँदा फेसबुकमा भने खेल हेर्ने, नहेर्ने अनि बुझ्ने, नबुझ्ने जमातबीच कोलाहल देखिन्छ । कसैले आफ्नो प्रोफाईल फोटोमा मनपर्ने देशको जर्सीमा आफ्नो नाम अनि नम्बर राखेर पोष्ट गर्नेगरेको भेटिन्छ, भने कतै विश्वकपको गीतको बोललाई स्टेटसमा राखेको पाइन्छ । क्रिकेटमा जस्तै यहाँ फुटबलमा पनि खेल भइरहँदा, खेलको ताजा ताजा जानकारी स्टेटसमा राख्ने चलनलाई कतिले निरन्तरता दिइरहेका छन् भने कतिले स्टेटसमा नै कसले जित्ला भनेर भिडन्त गरिरहेका छन् । समग्रमा भन्नुपर्दा फेसबुक फुटबलमय भएको छ । पहिलेको तुलनामा यसपालीको फूटबल रौनकमा महिलाको सहभागिता पनि निकै धेरै देख्न सकिन्छ । पहिले खेलबाट टाढा भाग्नेहरू, यो पाली भने निकै नै जोसका साथ आ–आफ्नो मनपर्ने देशलाई सपोर्ट गरिरहेका छन् । केयू गल्र्स हस्टेलमा पनि फूटबलले रामै्र उपस्थिति पाएको छ ।
यसरी वरपर यतिको रमाइलो भैरहँदा फुटबलका बारे दुःख, वेदना पोख्नेको जमात भने अर्को तर्फ रहेको छ । “नेपालको जर्सी लगाएर मैले कहिले नेपाललाई विश्वकपमा सपोर्ट गर्नेहोला” भनेर छात्रावासमा बस्ने एक विद्यार्थीले आफ्नो दुखेसो पोखेका थिए एक दिनको फेसबुकको स्टेटसमा । भने हाम्रा देशका नेताहरुको आपसी झगडालाई पनि फूटबलको मैदानमा देखाउन पछि परेका छैनन् हाम्रा फेसबुकका मित्रहरु । के केटा, के केटी, सबैजनानै फूटबलको यो महान चाडमा रमाइरहेका बेला हस्टेलमा बसिरहेका ईलेक्ट्रिकल ईन्जिनियरिङ् प्रथम वर्षका अमर श्रेष्ठ भने हस्टेलमा त्यो मात्रामा क्रेज नरहेको उल्लेख गर्दैथिए । त्यस्तै खेलका दौरान बजाउने भूभूजेलाको आवाजले पनि धेरै नै डिस्टर्व गरेकाले खेल हेर्दा निद्रा लाग्ने पनि उनको दुखेसो रहेको छ ।
चाहे जे होस्, चार वर्षमा आउने यो महाउत्सवमा सबैले रमाउने मौका पाएका छन् । तर नजिकिँदै गरेको सेमेस्टरको परीक्षा अनि फूटबलको असली रोमाञ्चक मोड, त्यो हो फाइनलको मुठभेड, दुबैले दोधारमा पारेको छ केयूका विद्यार्थीलाई । तर जे भएपनि खेल अनि यसको मजा सबैले लिनै पर्छ । तर हामीले यो पनि विर्सनु हुँदैन कि हामी फुटबल हेर्न भन्दा पनि पढ्न आएका हौँ । त्यसैले त्यो कुरालाई मनन गर्दै अनि फुटबलको मोहलाई यथावत राखी महाउत्सवलाई विदाइ गरेमा सबैलाई अर्को चार वर्षमा हुने यो महासंग्रामको प्रतीक्षा मनबाट हुने थियो ।
विश्वकप फूटबल २०१० को रौनकमा नरमाउने सायदै कोही भेटिएला, अहिलेको माहोलमा । यसै पनि चार वर्षमा आउने यो महाउत्सव कसैका लागी रमाइलोको विषय बन्न पुगेको छ भने कतिका लागि राम्रो आमदानीको स्रोत ।
जहाँ गएपनि फूटबलले राम्रै स्थान पाएको छ । घरको कोठा, विद्यालयको बस, कक्षाकोठा, भीडमा हिँडिरहेको जमात, जहाँ त्यहीँ फूटबल अनि अबेर रातसम्म चलेको खेलको चर्चा सुन्न पाइन्छ । “के भो दाइ, आँखा त रातो रातो छ नि, बिरामी पर्नु भो कि क्या हो ?” भनेर चिया पिउँदै गर्दा एकजना चिया पसले दाइले गर्वका साथ भने, “फूटबल हेरेको थिएँ” । प्रश्न सोध्ने दाजुले पनि कुरा बुझेरनै त्यो खेलको विस्तृत छलफल सुरु गरे । हालत यो छ फूटबलको देशभर नैँ भनौँ ।
विश्वकप महासंग्रामको असर वा भनौँ त्यसको रौनक काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालयमा पनि राम्रोसँग नै छाएको देखिन्छ । केयूको मूलद्वारबाट छात्रावाससम्म जहिँतहीँ फूटबल नै फूटबल पाकिरहेको छ, अनि पकाइराखिएको छ । विश्वकप महासंग्रामका खेल दक्षिण अफ्रिकामा भैरहँदा यहाँ विश्वविद्यालय छात्रावासहरूमा कोही अर्जेन्टिनाको त कोही ब्राजिलको जर्सी लगाएर समर्थन गरिरहेका भेटिन्छन् । छात्रावासभित्रै रहेर पनि विद्यार्थीहरुले विश्वकपको भरपुर मनोरञ्जन लिन पाएका छन् । साथै पुरुष छात्रावास भित्रको सोसियल हलमा राखिएको प्रोजेक्टर अनि ठूलो साउन्ड बक्सका कारण भने यहाँ अर्कै रौनक देख्न पाइन्छ । खेल साँझमा होस् चाहे मध्यरातमा, फुर्सदको समय होस्, चाहे आन्तरिक परीक्षाको बेलामा नै, यहाँ खेलप्रेमी दर्शकको राम्रै भीड देखिन्छ । वा भनौँ दर्शकको कमी कहिल्यै भेटिँदैन ।
त्यसैगरी, छात्रावासमा फूटबलको रौनक छाइरहँदा फेसबुकमा भने खेल हेर्ने, नहेर्ने अनि बुझ्ने, नबुझ्ने जमातबीच कोलाहल देखिन्छ । कसैले आफ्नो प्रोफाईल फोटोमा मनपर्ने देशको जर्सीमा आफ्नो नाम अनि नम्बर राखेर पोष्ट गर्नेगरेको भेटिन्छ, भने कतै विश्वकपको गीतको बोललाई स्टेटसमा राखेको पाइन्छ । क्रिकेटमा जस्तै यहाँ फुटबलमा पनि खेल भइरहँदा, खेलको ताजा ताजा जानकारी स्टेटसमा राख्ने चलनलाई कतिले निरन्तरता दिइरहेका छन् भने कतिले स्टेटसमा नै कसले जित्ला भनेर भिडन्त गरिरहेका छन् । समग्रमा भन्नुपर्दा फेसबुक फुटबलमय भएको छ । पहिलेको तुलनामा यसपालीको फूटबल रौनकमा महिलाको सहभागिता पनि निकै धेरै देख्न सकिन्छ । पहिले खेलबाट टाढा भाग्नेहरू, यो पाली भने निकै नै जोसका साथ आ–आफ्नो मनपर्ने देशलाई सपोर्ट गरिरहेका छन् । केयू गल्र्स हस्टेलमा पनि फूटबलले रामै्र उपस्थिति पाएको छ ।
यसरी वरपर यतिको रमाइलो भैरहँदा फुटबलका बारे दुःख, वेदना पोख्नेको जमात भने अर्को तर्फ रहेको छ । “नेपालको जर्सी लगाएर मैले कहिले नेपाललाई विश्वकपमा सपोर्ट गर्नेहोला” भनेर छात्रावासमा बस्ने एक विद्यार्थीले आफ्नो दुखेसो पोखेका थिए एक दिनको फेसबुकको स्टेटसमा । भने हाम्रा देशका नेताहरुको आपसी झगडालाई पनि फूटबलको मैदानमा देखाउन पछि परेका छैनन् हाम्रा फेसबुकका मित्रहरु । के केटा, के केटी, सबैजनानै फूटबलको यो महान चाडमा रमाइरहेका बेला हस्टेलमा बसिरहेका ईलेक्ट्रिकल ईन्जिनियरिङ् प्रथम वर्षका अमर श्रेष्ठ भने हस्टेलमा त्यो मात्रामा क्रेज नरहेको उल्लेख गर्दैथिए । त्यस्तै खेलका दौरान बजाउने भूभूजेलाको आवाजले पनि धेरै नै डिस्टर्व गरेकाले खेल हेर्दा निद्रा लाग्ने पनि उनको दुखेसो रहेको छ ।
चाहे जे होस्, चार वर्षमा आउने यो महाउत्सवमा सबैले रमाउने मौका पाएका छन् । तर नजिकिँदै गरेको सेमेस्टरको परीक्षा अनि फूटबलको असली रोमाञ्चक मोड, त्यो हो फाइनलको मुठभेड, दुबैले दोधारमा पारेको छ केयूका विद्यार्थीलाई । तर जे भएपनि खेल अनि यसको मजा सबैले लिनै पर्छ । तर हामीले यो पनि विर्सनु हुँदैन कि हामी फुटबल हेर्न भन्दा पनि पढ्न आएका हौँ । त्यसैले त्यो कुरालाई मनन गर्दै अनि फुटबलको मोहलाई यथावत राखी महाउत्सवलाई विदाइ गरेमा सबैलाई अर्को चार वर्षमा हुने यो महासंग्रामको प्रतीक्षा मनबाट हुने थियो ।
Monday, June 21, 2010
State of Feature in Nepal - A research
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g]kfnL lkmr/sf] Oltxf;
g]kfndf kqsfl/tfsf] z'?jft;Fu} lkmr/ n]vgsf] klg z'?cft ePsf] xf] . uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg ;Fu;Fu} lkmr/ n]Vg] sfd eP klg tL ;fdu|LnfO{ lkmr/ elgFb}gYof] . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf k"j{ dxfk|aGws ef/tbQ sf]O/fnfsf cg';f/ ælkmr/ g} geg] klg lkmr/ h:t} n]vx? 5flkGy] pa]nf .Æ lkmr/ n]vgsf] Oltxf;, t;y{, nfdf] eGg ldn] klg lkmr/ ;]jfsf] ?kdf k|sfzg / ljt/0f x'g yfn]sf] ;g\ !(*^ af6 dfq} xf] . ;/sf/L ;+:yf /f]gf:6n] lkmr/ ;]jfsf] ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{ k|of; klxnf] k6s u/]sf] lyof] / o:t} k|of; kl5Nnf lbgdf cGo ;+:yfx?n] z'? u/] .
g]kfndf lkmr/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf
;g\ !(*^ df /f]gf:6sf] lj1fg n]vdfnf k|sfzg;Fu}} ;'? ePsf] cf}krfl/s lkmr/ jf n]vdfnf k|sfzg sfo{ ;g\ @))# ;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljleGg !@ ;+:yfn] !^ j6f lkmr/ k|sfzg ;'? u/]sf] dflysf] cWoogaf6 k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ k'/fgf aGb x'g] / gofF If]qdf gofF n]vdfnf lg:sg] qmd hf/L 5 . lzIff n]v ;Fufnf], hfu/0f n]vdfnf / ;fd'bflos jg n]vdfnf xfn}dfq k|sfzgdf cfPsf x'g\ . ;j}eGbf k'/fgf] / w]/} rn]sf] lj1fg n]vdfnf cfjZos /sdsf] cefjdf ;g\ @))@ sf] z'?cft;Fu} s]xL dlxgf aGb lyof] eg] cGo aGb x'g]x?df klg k|fonfO{ ah]6n] g} e"ldsf v]nf]sf] 5 . aGb ePsf n]vdfnf tLg dlxgfb]lv 8]9 jif{;Dd rn]sf 5g\ . o:tf n]vdfnf k|sfzg k|fo aflx/L ;xof]udf lge{/ /x]sfn] ;xof]u x'Fbf;Dd rNg] / ;xof]u cfpg 5f8]kl5 aGb x'g] uPsf] b]lvG5 .
lkmr/ ;]jf rnfpg]x?sf] p2]]Zodf leGgtfsf sf/0f klg lkmr/ ;]jfn] lg/Gt/tf gkfPsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . /fd|f] lkmr/ tof/ u5f}F{, clg a]R5f}F eg]/ lkmr/ ;]jf z'?jft ul/Psf] geO{ lkmr/nfO{ k|rf/ jf jsfnt ug]{ dfWodsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{x?sf] ;ª\Vof w]/} 5 . s'g} ljifo, ;jfn jf ;d:ofn] ;+rf/dfWoddf :yfg gkfPsf] jf cfjZos jx; x'g g;s]sf] dx;'; u/L ToxL sfo{sf nflu cNksfnLg /0fgLlt cGtu{t lkmr/ k|sfzg ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . To;afx]s ldl8ofdf ;Lw} ;DaGw gePsf gf/L r]tgf s]Gb| jf dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| h:tf ;+:yfx?;d]t n]bdfnf jf lkmr/ k|sfzg sfo{df nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . oL ;+:yfx? ;Lw} ;+rf/ If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt gwPsfn] ldl8of pgLx?sf] bL3{sfnLg sfo{If]q xf]Og / o; cj:yfdf logn] lgsfNg] lkmr/ ;]jf w]/} nfdf] ;do gl6Sg ;S5 .
-ljz]if u/L of] cWoogsf qmddf ;g\ @))% df ul/Psf] Ps cWoogsf ;fdfu|LnfO{ ;|f]tsf ?kdf lnPsfn] sltko lkmr/x? xfn aGb /x]sf] klg x'g ;Sg] 5 ._
g]kfndf lkmr/ ;]jf k|sfzg÷;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx? lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M
!= lj1fg n]vdfnf
g]kfnL ldl8ofdf vf;u/L ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs;Dddf lj1fg, j}1flgs vf]h, :jf:Yo h:tf ljifox?n] vf;} :yfg kfpg ;s]sf lyPgg\ . lj1fg, k|ljlw If]qdf 7"n} 36gf ePsf a]nf ljb]zL ;dfrf/ Ph]G;Lx?n] tof/ ug]{ ;fdu|L pNyf u/]/ 5fKg'afx]s g]kfnL ldl8ofdf of] If]qsf cGo ;fdu|L lj/n} 5flkGy] . ;g\ !(*^ df g]kfn /fhsLo lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg -/f]gf:6 xfn gf:6_ sf] :yfkgfkZrft\ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw / :jf:YonfO{ s;/L hgd'vL agfpg] cyjf tL If]qsf 1fgnfO{ s;/L ;j{;fwf/0fdf pgLx?n] a'‰g] efiffdf k'¥ofpg] eGg]af/] k6sk6s 5nkmn ePsf lyP . oL 5nkmnx?af6 Pp6f 5'§} lj1fg ;~rf/ cfof]hgfsf] :yfkgf ug]{ lgisif{ lgsflnof] . uf]/vfkqsf ;Dkfbs;d]t /x]sf uf]s'n kf]v/]nnfO{ pQm cfof]hgfsf] lgb]{zs agfOof] . /f]gf:6sf j}1flgs lbg]z e'h" tyf csf{ kqsf/ k|sfz vgfn sfo{qmd clws[tsf ?kdf 6Lddf ;fd]]n x'g' eof] . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf If]qdf ePsf /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o pknlAw, ultljlw / ;fdfGo t/ ax'kof]uL 1fgsf e08f/nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f ;dIf k'¥ofpg] o;sf] nIf lyof] / ;f]xL cg'?k xfn klg of] ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] sfo{ lgoldt ?kdf ul//x]sf] 5 .
@= lkmr/ ;]jf
PgkLcfOsf g]kfnu~h / lj/f6gu/ If]qLo ;~rf/ ;|f]t s]Gb| -cf/Pd cf/;L_ n] 5'§5'§} lkmr/ ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnu~h ;|f]t s]Gb|n] ;g\ !((% / lj/f6gu/ ;|f]t s]Gb|n] ;g\ !((& b]lv …lkmr/ ;]jfÚ gfddf å}dfl;s lkmr/ ;]jf z'? u/]sf] xf] . d"ntM :yfgLo kqsf/ / kqsfl/tfsf] :t/ psf:g] p2]Zon] If]qLo lkmr/ ;]jf z'? ul/Psf] atfOG5 . lkmr/ n]Vbf cltl/Qm cfo x'gfn] klg :yfgLo kqsf/x? cfˆgf] lkmr/n] :yfg kfcf];\ eg]/ d]xgt klg u5{g\ . cGt/f{li6|o ;+:yf 8flg8fn] o; sfo{sf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
#= Dflxnf ÷;+rfl/sf n]vdfnf
dlxnf xslxtsf nflu sfo{/t ;+:yfx? dgUo] v'n]sf 5g\ . oBlk, zbLof}Fblv rlncfPsf y'k|} dlxnf pGglt lj/ff]wL ;+:sf/, /Lltlyltx? Ps} kfnf]df kl/jt{g x'g ;Qm}g . b'O{j6f /0fgLlt Ps, ;~rf/dfWoddf sfo{/t k'?ifx?nfO{ dlxnfsf d'2fx? k|lt ;+j]bgzLn agfpg] / b'O{, dlxnf;DaGwL ljifox?nfO{ ;~rf/dfWoddf cflwsflws k'¥ofpg], ul/ ;~rf/sdL{ dlxnfx?sf] ;lqmotfdf ;g\ !((^ b]lv dlxnf ;+rfl/sf n]vdfnf ;'? u¥of] . z?df dlxnf n]vdfnf / ;g\ @))@ km]a|'c/L b]lv ;~rfl/sf n]vdfnfsf gfddf k|sflzt e}/x]sf] 5 . o; lkmr/nfO{ cGt/f{li6|o ;+:yf P;PgeLsf] ;xofu x'g]u/]sf]df ;g\ !((( b]lv csf]{ ljb]zL ;+:yf 8flg8fsf] ;xof]u kfO/x]sf] 5 . dfl;s ?kdf xfn klg of] n]vdfnf k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}Fsf lgoldt klqsf?df / df]km;nsf] xsdf ;Dks{sf kqklqsfx?df oL n]vdfnfx? x'nfsdfkm{t lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul/G5 .
$= rf}tf/L n]vdfnf
dfl6{g rf}tf/Ln] /fhgLlt, ko{6g, ;flxTo, cy{ nufot ;dfhsf ljleGg ;jnfx?sf] kl/k]Iodf cª\u]|hL efiffdf n]lvPsf] ÷ 5flkPsf] ljleGg n]v, lgaGw jf k':ts ;dLIff cflbnfO{ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ug]{ / ;f] g]kfnL k|];nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] u/]sf] lyof] of] ;+:yfn], rf}tf/L n]vgdfnf dfkm{t . !((& dff z'? ul/Psf] of] n]vgdfnf k|sfzgsf] ;=of]h k|To"if jGtn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . xfn of] n]vgdfnf lgoldt ?kdf k|sflzt x'Fb} 5 .
%= g]km]h n]vdfnf
jftfj/0fsf If]qdf ;lqmo kqsf/x?sf] ;+:yf g]km]hn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} jftfj/0f ;+/If0fx]t' ljleGg sfo{x? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . jftfj/0fsf d'b\bfx? h}ljs ljljwtf, ;/;kmfO / ko6{g ;DalGw 5'§f5'§} n]vdfnf lgsfNg] h:tf] ;/fxgLo sfd u/]sf] o; ;+:yfn] ah]6sf] cefjsf sf/0f pQm sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;s]g . kmn:j?k xfn of] ;+:yfn] jflif{s ?kdf g]km]h gfds n]vdfnf k|sflzt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . h;df jftfj/0f ;DalGw ;Dk"\0f{ d'b\bfnfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy;fy} cw{jflif{s ?kdf ljleGg jftfj/0fLo d'b\\bfsf n]vdfnf klg k|sflzt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
^= /f;; lkmr/ ;]jf
/f;;n] klxn] k|foM ;dfrf/dfq k|jflxt ub}{ cfPsf]df ;g\ !((* b]lv eg] lkmr/nfO{ :yfg lbg yfn]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((* kl5 lgoldt ?kdf ljleGg ljigofg lkmt/ tof/ u/L xKtfsf] b'O{ lbg dËnaf/ / zlgaf/ lgoldt k|]lift ub}{ cfPsf] /f;;sf oL lkmr/x? 5'§} k|sflzt ul/Fb}gg\ . xfn xKtfsf] Ps k6sdfq of] n]vdfnf k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
&= Hffu/0f n]vdfnf
blnt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox?n] ldl8ofdf k|fyldstf gkfPsf] dx;'; u/L blntsf ljifonfO{ ldl8ofdf Nofpg] k|of;sf] qmddf ;g\ @))@ h'nfO{b]lb hfu/0f ldl8f ;]G6/n] hfu/0f n]vdfnfsf] k|sfzg z'? u/]sf] xf] . of] ;+:yfsf] k|sfzg ryf ljt/0fsf] :j?k klg cGoeGbf tflTjs km/s 5}g . å}dfl;s of] lkmr/ ;]jfdf u}/ blntx? / ljz]ifu/L k|ltli7tx?nfO{ n]Vg k|]l/t ug]{ Wo]o /flvPsf] 5 . o"Pg8Llksf] cfly{s ;xof]udf of] sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] xf] .
lkmr/n] ;d]6]sf ljifoj:t'x?
xfn lkmr/ pTkfbgdf ;+nUg ePsf ;+:yfx?sf] gfd}n] klg df]6fdf]6L ?kdf lkmr/ ;]jfx?n] s] ljifo ;d]6]sf 5g\ eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof ;+:yfsf] gfd;Fu ldNg] ljifosf lkmr?n] g} k|d'vtf kfPsf 5g\ . gf:6n] lj1fg k|ljlw;DaGwL, ;~rfl/sf ;d"xn] dlxnf ;DaGwL, lzIff kqsf/ ;d"xn] lzIff ;DaGwL, g]km]hn] jftfj/0f ;DaGwL cflb . lkmr/ ;]jfx?n] g]kfnL k|];nfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] ljljwtf pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/L sfdsf/afxL jf /fhgLlts ax;h:tf kf/Dkl/s / cf}krfl/s ;fdu|Lx?sf] ax'Notf /x]sf] g]kfnL 5fkfdf lkmr/sf] k|of]un] dfghLo ?lrsf y'k|} ljifoj:t'x?n] :yfg kfPsf 5g\ .
nufgL / ahf/
lkmr/ k|sfzg ug]{ ;+:yfx?n] lkmr/ ;]jfsf] nflu slt nufgL ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] olsg tYofÍ 5}g . bL3{sfnLg ?kdf lkmr/ g} pTkfbg ug]{ / To;df g} cfˆgf] j}lzi6\o sfod ug]{ ;f]r k|fMosf] gePsfn] alnof] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf nflu klg vf;} nufgL ePsf] 5}g . k|ltcÍ lkmr/ pTkfbg ug{ nfUg] /sddf klg ;+:yfx?dfem Ps?ktf 5}g . o:tf] vr{ k|foM b'O{ cj:yfdf km/s x'g] b]lvof] – Ps, cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ;+:yfn] g} lglZrt /sd vr{ ug'{kg]{ / gu/]df lkmtf{ hfg] cj:yfdf / csf]{, Psd'i6 /sd ;xof]uajkt k|fKt x'g] / To;nfO{ k|fksn] cfkm"v';L vr{ ug{ kfpg] cj:yfdf . kl5Nnf] cj:yfdf vr{sd nfU5 eg] cl3Nnf]df w]/} . Pp6f lkmr/ tof/ ug{ nfUg] /sddf ;f] lkmr/n] ;d]6\g vf]h]sf] ljifoj:t'n] lgs} km/s kf5{ . lkmr/sf] d"No To;sf] :t/Lotf;Fu klg bfFlhG5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ Ps cÍsf] nfut !) xhf/b]lv #)–$) xhf/;Dd klg nfUg ;S5 .
k|lt cÍ pTkfbgsf] nfut n]vsx?nfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds;Fu ;Lwf ;DalGwt 5 . n]vs?nfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds ;+:yflkR5] km/s 5 . ;fdfGotof Pp6f lkmr/sf nflu pRkfbs ;+:yfn] n]vsnfO{ Ps xhf/b]lv tLg xhf/ ?lkofF;Dd lbg] u/sf] kfOof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]km]hn] cfˆgf tLg n]vdfnfdf 5flkPsf k|To]s lkmr/nfO{ b'O{ xhf/ ?lkofF lbg] u/]sf] lyof] eg] gf]e]Da/ @))@ ;Dd ;~rfl/sf ;d"xn] klg b'\O{ xhf/ g} lbg] u/]sf] lyfof] . /f;;n] k|ltlkmr/ #)) ?lkofF, PgkLcfOn] k|ltzAb ! ?lkofF lbg] u/]sf] 5 . hfu/0f n]vdfnf n]v / n]vssf] :t/vg';f/ lbg] ub{5 . To:t} ;fdflhs ljsf; vg';gwfg s]Gb|n] cg'jfbdfq k|of]u ug]{ x'gfn] Pp6f n]v cg'jfb u/]sf] ! xhf/ @ ;o ?lkofF lbGYof] . gf/L r]tgf / ls/0f n]vdfnfsf n]vx?nfO{ kfl/>lds lbOg] u/]sf] 5}g . o;cy{df /f;;afx]s s'g} klg ;+:yfn] aflx/L ;xof]ulagf lkmr/ pTkfbg sfo{df nfu]sf] kfPFb}g, rfx] Tof] k|ToIf xf];\ jf ck|ToIf .
lkmr/sf] nufgL / ljt/0f
| qm=;+= | lkmr/ | ;s'{n];g | k|ltcÍ pTkfbg nfut –xhf/df_ | ;xof]uL ;+:yf |
| != | lj1fg n]vdfnf | #)) | !) | g]kfn ;/sf/ |
| @= | ;dfrf/ ;Gb]z | %)) | @) | cfOkLP; |
| #= | lkmr/ ;]jf -g]kfnu~h_ | @)) | #) | 8flg8f |
| $= | lkmr/ ;]jf -lj/f6gu/_ | @)) | #) | 8flg8f |
| %= | ;+rfl/sf lkmr/ ;]jf | #)) | @) | o'PgPkmkLP, P;8L;L |
| ^= | Rff}tf/L n]vgdfnf | !)) | * | PS;g P8 g]kfn |
| &= | Hf}ljs ljljwtf n]vdfnf | @)) | #) | 8An'8An'Pkm |
| *= | ko{6g n]vdfnf | @)) | #) | g]kfn ko{6g af]8{ |
| (= | ;/;kmfO n]vdfnf | @)) | #) | o'lg;]km |
| !)= | ls/0f n]vdfnf | @)) | !) | 8An'Prcf] |
| !!= | lzIff n]v ;Fufnf] | @)) | #) | PS;g P8 g]kfn |
| !@= | Gff/L r]tgf n]vdfnf | !)) | !) | o'PgPkmkLP |
| !#= | /f;; lkmr/ | @)) | % | g]kfn ;/sf/ |
| !$= | Hffu/0f n]vdfnf | @)) | @) | o'Pg8LkL |
| !%= | Kff]if0f n]vdfnf | !)) | % | cfˆg} ;|f]t |
;|f]t – /d]z kf/h'nL / k|To"if jGt, ldl8of pTkfbg / cGtj{:t', @))#
lkmr/sf] Joj:yfkg
lkmr/nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg To;df sfo{/t dfgjLO zlQmsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . nufgLsf] ;|f]t, nlIft ljifo / ;d"x rog ul/;s]kl5 lkmr/ s;L rnfpg] / s;/L w]/}eGbf w]/} kf7s;dIf k'¥ofpg] eg]/ 7"n} u[xsfo{ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . Joj:yfkg ;fd"lxs sfo{ xf] . xfn ;~rfngdf x]sf lkmr/ ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf sdhf]/ b]lvG 5 . o;cy{df sL tL lkmr/x? ;dodf lgl:sb}gg\, ;do ;'xfpFbf x'Fb}gg\, sf]xLsf] n]vg z}nL v/f] x'G5, s;}sf] jfo ;+/rgf nfdf, q'l6k"0f{ x'G5g\ cflb OToflb .
To:t} lkmr/sf] hgzlQmsf] s'/f ug'\{kbf{ k|foM ;+:yfdf Ps / s]xLdf b'O{ hgfn] dfq lkmr/ ;]jf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] kfOof] . ;~rfl/sf ;d"xdf xfn gLt' bjf8L n] lkmr/ ;]jf x]l//xg' ePsf] 5 eg] g]km]hdf ToxfFsf nfOa]|l/og /fh ah|rfo{ n] x]l//xg' ePsf] 5 . slt lkmr/ ;]jfsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;+:yfut eP klg k|lqmof ;+:yfut b]lvFb}g . ;+:yfut ;+/rgf psfLg] k|oTg ePsf] 5}g . sltko ;+:yf;Fu k'/fgf cÍx?sf] /]s8{;d]t e]l6Fb}g . Ps k6s k|sflzt ePkl5 sfd k"/f eof] km]l/ km]l/ rflxFb}g h:tf] ul/Psf] 5 .
lkmr/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0f
| qm=;+= | lkmr/ | ;+:yf | :yfkgf ;g\ | ;+:yfks | sfo{If]q | s}lkmot |
| != | lj1fg n]vdfnf | Gf:6 | !(*^ | uf]s'n kf]v/]n | lj1fg k|ljlw | lgoldt |
| @= | ;dfrf/ ;Gb]z | g]kfn k|]; OlG;6Ro"6 | !(*& | Uff]kfnbf; >]i7 | ljljw | lgoldt |
| #= | lkmr/ ;]jf | If]lqo ;~rf/ ;|f]t s]Gb| ÷ PgkLcfO, g]kfnu~h | !((% | Tff]of uf}td | ljljw | lgoldt |
| $= | lkmr/ ;]jf | If]qLo ;~rf/ ;|f]t | !((& | Tff]of uf}td | ljljw | lgoldt |
| %= | ;~rfl/sf n]vdfnf | ;~rfl/sf ;d"x | !((& | cd[tf afF:sf]6f | dlxnf tyf afnafnlnsf | lgoldt |
| ^= | h}ljs ljljwtf | g]km]h | !((* | s[i0f >]i7 | Jfftfj/0f | ;g\ @))) b]lv aGb |
| &= | Kfo{6g | g]km]h | !((* | lbks uh'/]n | Kfo{6g | ;g\ @))) b]lv aGb |
| *= | ;/;kmfO n]vdfnf | Gf]km]h | !((* | tLy{ sf]O/fnf | ;/;kmfO | ;g\ @))) b]lv aGb |
| (= | Rff}tf/L n]vdfnf | ;LP;cf8L | !((& | Kf|To"if jGt | ljljw | ;g\ !((& b]lv g} aGb |
| !)= | /f;; lkmr/ | /f;; | !((* | /f;; | ljljw | lgoldt |
| !!= | ls/0f n]vdfnf | cf]/]s | @))) | /]0f' /fhe08f/L | dlxnf | ;g\ @))! b]lv aGb |
| !@= | Kff]if0f n]vdfnf | Ol/sf]g | @))) | Zff]ef uf}td | :jf:y | ;g\ @))! b]lv aGb |
| !#= | Gff/L r]tgf n]vdfnf | Gff/L r]tgf s]Gb| | @))! | k|ltef ;'j]bL | dlxnf | lgoldt |
| !$= | lzIff n]v ;Fufnf] | lzIff kqsf/ ;d"x | @))@ | xl/ yfkf | lzIff | lgoldt |
| !%= | Hffu/0f n]vdfnf | Hffu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/ | @))@ | ;'efifs'df/ bgf{n | blnt | lgoldt |
;|f]t – /d]z kf/h'nL / k|To"if jGt, ldl8of pTkfbg / cGtj{:t', @))#
lgZsif{
lkmr/ ;]jfn] a|f]8lz6nfO{eGbf cGo vfn] klqsfx?nfO{ dgUo] v'/fs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lkmr/sf cefjdf pkTosfaflx/sf klqsfx? rNg ;Sg] cj:yfdf b]lvFb}gg\ . h] h;/L ePklg n]vdfnfsf ;fdu|Ln] g]kfnL 5fkfdf /x]sf ljljwvfn] ljifoj:t'sf] cefjnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd k"lt{ u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] k|sfzg u[xx?n] lkmr/nfO{ klqsfdf 7fpF lbg] u/]sf 5g\ .
n]vdfnf ;~rfng ug]{ xf]8 b]lvP klg n]vdfnf lkmt/x?sf] :t/df :ki6 ljljwtf b]lvG5 . lkmr/x? /fd|/L ;Dkfbg gul/Psf, ljifoj:t'k|lt Gofo ug{ g;s]sf klg b]lvG5 . lkmr/nfO{ cfsif{s agfpg /]vflrq, t:jL/, sf6'{g jf tflnsfx?sf] k|of]u lgs} sd b]lvG5 . lkmr/ ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yfkg kIf /fd|f] 5}g . ;]jfnfO{ :t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg cem a9L d]xgt cfjZos 5 .
lkmr/ ;]jfn] lg/Gt/tf gkfpg' jf lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg'df ljljw sl7gfO{ b]lvPsf 5g\ . klxnf] s'/f t lkmr/ s;sf nflu lsg lgsfNg] eGg]df g} :jo+ k|i6 5}gg\, sltko lkmr/ pTkfbsx? . pgLx? lkmr/sf] :j?k cfsf/sf af/] jf lkmr/nfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg] eGg] ;f]r lnP/ sfo{/t 5}gg\ . To;afx]s, cy{sf] ;d:of klg 5 . ;]jf aGb ePsfx? klg k|foM cfly{s cefjsf sf/0f g} aGb ePsf x'g\ eg] aflx/L ;xof]u gx'g] xf] eg] c? klg aGb x'G5g\ .
ljljw sl7gfO{af6 u'lh|/x]sf] lkmr/ ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg Pp6f e/kbf]{ ;|f]tsf] vf]hL ug'\{ h?/L 5 . To;afx]s, cfˆgf k|Zt'ltx?nfO{ tYok/s / :t/Lo agfpg d]xgt ug}{ 5 . lkmr/ n]vg, ljifo 5gf}6, ;Dkfbg, k|sfzg / ljt/0fnfO{ ;do ;'xfpFbf] k|ljlw;Fu tfnd]n u/fpg ;s]df lkmr/ ;]jf c? k|efjsf/L x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 . lkmr/nfO{ lgMz'Ns ?kdf ljt/0f ug'{sf] ;§f s]xL z'Ns lnO{ lkmr/ ;]jf ;~rfng u/]df ;~rfng ug]{x? lbuf] ?kdf l6Sg ;S5g\ . j}slNks ;|f]t geP;Dd lkmr/ ;]jf pvfpg] / c:tfpg] qmd hf/L g} /xg]5 . of] qmdnfO{ ;'wfg{sf] nflu cfly{s / Joj:yfksLo kIfnfO{ r':t agfpg} k5{ .
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