Aameer JOC

Research Assignment

2011-11-01T07:08:00.000-07:00

Q. 1.Why is Science considered more trustworthy method of knowing than Tenacity, Authority, and Intuition. Discuss.

Ans: A Scientific method or process is considered fundamental to the scientific investigation & acquisition of knowledge based upon physical evidence. Some of the prior things which scientist need to do to prove their research be approved by the world are Observation, Hypothesis, and Deductions to propose explanations for natural phenomena in the form of theories. Predictions from these theories are tested by experiment. These experiments when passed through series of studies by the other renounced people and when it is universally accepted and if prediction turns out to be correct, the theories survive.
There are four elements of scientific method: Characterization, Hypothesis, Prediction and finally Experiment, and if theories pass all these four processes then only it can be said to be scientific. A scientific method is essentially an extremely cautious means of building a supportable, evidence based understanding of our natural world.

Scientific studies have to pass the following four processes:

1. Random observation method: This is the very first step in the process of scientific studies. In this method the very beginning of the investigation goes with the process of observation at first and then it leads to experimentation without creating any concrete hypothesis. From this method nothing but a concept is developed what a researcher is about to do.

2. Systematic exploration: It is regarded as the second process. It leads to planned way to explore new relationship of various factors of phenomenon. As this process is going on we would see that improvements are going on with the development of the first step. This is improvement over first method.

3. Testing of well defined hypothesis: The third step, testing in which specific hypothesis is formed, and the whole process here is to work in a confined way to testing the validity of the hypothesis so formed.

4. Experiment directed to systematic theory: This is the forth step and this is most refined method of systematic investigation where on basis of theory, certain generalization are made. At this point we will know that there are certain things which matches any other hypothesis around us. This thing is done by other individual in the past. Empirical observations are then made and necessary data are collected to verify if generalization are correct. This leds to checking of other people's work. Law of Inertia, Einstein’s Energy Law comes under this type of study.

After having gone through all these processes, a scientific study needs to have certain evaluation of our research. It can be verified through different methods and the whole process is called scientific method. So, the certain steps that we need to take in a scientific methods are as follows:

Steps in Scientific method:

1. Formulation of problem & hypothesis

2. Collection of information/ data

3. Analysis of information/ data

4. Generalization of finding

5. Report writing

Ordinary Observation & Scientific observation

There are generally various ways of observations. We see things differently, sometimes our observations are general and they can be seen by any individual who have the sense of ideas. On the other hand there are observations which need scientific verifications, timely experiments and things which need to be checked once and again. So some of the differences which are between casual and scientific observations are as follows

Ordinary or casual observation is generalized or frequently inaccurate. It is a truth which is accepted by the society only because it is being said and accepted by the society itself. Science helps moderate this error by mandating conscious observation. Science is a series of steps which has to be experimented and proved every time. So scientific observations are more accurate in this case. This is not just a mere thing which is said by the mass rather it’s a scientifically proven words and things. People frequently over-generalize on the basis of few limited observation. Scientist protects themselves against over generalization by employing large random samples & replicating studies. General people observe selectively & ignore that don’t want. But the scientific approach helps to protect against these error by applying investigation process. General people do illogical reasoning, there may be question over validity but sciences provide system of logic. In comparison to casual inquiry, scientific inquiry is more careful than our casual inquiry. This needs series of questioning and then a valid and proven answer to that.

Now we talk about Tenacity where truth rests on assumptions, lots of people believe that why it is valid on what basis it gets validity, so answers to this kind of questions and this kind of observation or gaining of knowledge is tenacity. It’s neither scientifically proved nor laboratorial tested. It’s traditional, people believe from one generation to another. The belief continues as the generation goes on. The validity of the assumption lies on how long has that things being proven right by the generation. There is no examination, no chance of verification just believe what is believed, continue to think what your ancestors have brought for you. There is no way to contradict, rather they continue to accept the truth what they have been forced to believe. Whereas scientific inquiry doesn’t believe in such beliefs, it goes from characterization to experimentation followed by hypothesis & different examinations. Not just a mere explanation by the ancestors but series of experimentation and the result every time must be some proven results.

Similarly, now we talk about Authority which is called as the trusted source. Source may be some scholar, teacher, parents, book or any one. Here question raise about credibility & validity. The trusted source is the major contributor here. Here belief has been established by source. The source acts as the major part here in this case because this leads to Authority and its credibility. Authority for one may not be the same for others but one has the right to believe his credible source that he/she believes the most. Authority may misguide because we never question authority because that is the source which we never question or back fire any other querie. Things said and suggested by him is the only thing for the receiver. Source is not verified. But science, always give opportunity to go for numbers of examination, verification, verification & experimentations. In science, question may be raised over authority. Due to this, many scholars still research on Newton’s laws & suggest further theories.

After this we have Intuition, which is the intellect we put to understand something. In this part we use maximum amount of our level of understanding thins and giving reasons to what we are doing and any questions that arises. Reasoning, logic, intellect, experience is used to gain knowledge in this process. Here people rely on own analytical power. They are completely relied on the knowledge and level of understanding in this part. Intellect has to play in this part, major contributors to this thing has to come from human being himself. Its main drawback is people may be knowledgeable but they cannot be best in everything. They need to be fully relied on themselves, while there is a problem of confusion in human nature. They can get confused due to overdose of knowledge or less knowledge about things that are beyond their understanding. Sometimes humans might say something without any experimentation and later that might be highly negative and not accepted by the scholars. But science never believes on these methodologies. Science begins from Characterization, Hypothesis, Prediction and finally Experimentation; so, science is considered more trustworthy method of knowing than Tenacity, Authority, and Intuition.

Q.2. Discuss the significance of research in the field of mass media research with special reference to characteristics and objectives of research.

Ans: Mass media research is a part of communication research. The scientific process of mass communication in which it explains how mass media influence individual and society is called as Mass media research.

Characteristics of Mass Media Research :

a. Mass media research is systematic, objective and empirical thus it adopts scientific method.

b. Mass media research applies possible tests to validate the measuring tools and the conclusion reached thus it is called as logical.

c. Mass media research aims to describe, interpret, and explain a phenomenon which can be called as purposive. It begins with a question or problem rooted in the real world and seeks answer or a solution.

d. Mass media research is build upon past investigations and lengthy researches. Research does not stand isolated from what others have learned before, which can be termed as cumulative.

e. Mass media research is replicable as its finding can be reproduced by the other investigators. It is also possible that they take particular research to be their point of reference

f. Mass media research is critical as the research done is not for the researcher only, rather the finder has to go through series of questions and answers and answer people's queries. Its purpose is not to arrive at an answer that is personally pleasing to researcher, but rather one that will stand up the test of criticism.

g. Mass media research is verifiable. We can further check the references pointed out in that research. Similarly, as this research relies on scientific method, the conclusion drawn through research is subjected to verification.

Objectives of mass media research:

1. Generating new knowledge, i.e., uncovering new facts or phenomenon or establishing new relationship of various variables.

2. Improving standing, i.e., helping to explain situation.

3. Application testing, i.e., trying out concepts and approaches in the real world to see if they work.

4. Comparing best practice, i.e., gathering information about successful of subjects in different circumstances, and looking for explaining their success.

5. Helping with decision making, i.e., gathering information, concepts, framework and approaches that help executive or planners make better and more effective decision.

6. To extend knowledge, to bring light to information that might never be discovered fully during the ordinary course of life, establishing general laws & contributing in theory building, and verifying, testing existing facts & theory.

Significance of research in the field of mass media

a. To gather necessary information :

Research provides you with all necessary information in field of your work, study or operation before you begin working on it. For example, most companies do research before beginning a project in order to get a basic idea about the things they will need to do for the project.

b. To Make Changes:

Sometimes, there are in-built problems in a process or a project that is hard to discover. Research helps us find the root cause and associated elements of a process.

c. To get familiarity research degree with consequential benefits

d. To Know The Truth

It has been proved time and again that many of established facts and known truths are just cover ups or blatant lies or rumors.

e. To solve unsolved problems since, it generates new knowledge

f. Explore Our History

Research about our planets history and human history has enabled us to learn and understand more about our forefathers and helped us learn from their mistakes and absorb good things from their life.

g. To get intellectual joy and trying out concepts and approaches in the real world to see if they work.

h. Writing term paper, research paper , seminar on a certain topic having not having news sense.

i. To set advertising rates for a media by doing a comparative study of identical organization which helps to get revenue for a media & it is equally important in decision making.

j. In total mass media research helps to study the overall research of social science and journalism related science.

Research also helps them get acquainted with the processes and resources involved and reception from the market. This information helps in the successful outcome of the project.

A day in Kritipur

2011-08-25T19:38:00.000-07:00

If you are in a bike then enter Kritipur through the TU gate. Ten minutes up the road, you will come to the only international cricket stadium in Nepal which is surprisingly well maintained although there are no stands for spectators. If you are interested in what Nepal’s largest university looks like, you can look around and no one will bother you. You will see long lines of newly made buildings and if it’s a weekday you will see students loitering around in the green fields. And on weekend’schildren and students can be seen stilising any free space as a cricket pitch.

Kirtipur was the first of the Valley’s kingdoms to be attacked by PrithiviNarayan Shah. The resolute inhabitants held out till 1768 after three fierce sieges by the Gorkhalis. Kirtipur’s glorious history come right down to the present times: the activism of its inhabitants and the nearby university ushered in democracy in 1990 and in to stand up against an autocratic monarchy.

When you reach te top of the hill, make sure you visit BaghBhairab temple, the gurdian god of Kirtipur. Up the hill is the UmaMaheshor temple, which at 1414 m is the highest point in Kirtipur. Although the temple itself is being renovated now, you will still get to see the sweeping view of the Valley and the mountains beyond. The sight of the Himalayas so close to the Valley is an absolute treat to the eyes.

If feasting your eyes on the Himlalays doesn’t feed the hunger in your stomach, you can check one of the open museum cum restaurant NawaLahana located nearby. It is also one of the open place to learn culture of Newars. Dishes like yomari, samayabaji and the locally made aila and thon along with Newari lifestyle will help you learn their inner culture

On the way you will be guided with HakuPatashi, cultural dress of Newars. After having seen Himalayas, having food, it wont take you more htan a day to get around Kirtipur, but memories of the visit will remain with you for a long time. Memories of the natives working with their traditional instruments and the clear view of all three towns and the mountain range will make a day in Kirtipur a day well spent.

An hour with a blogger

2011-08-21T16:30:00.000-07:00

Blogging is famous these days. Everyone who have access to internet have their own blog. They run for various purposes, some of them run for the sake of letting their people know about them, some are doing just to share some of their inner feelings in the world wide web. Today, we are going to meet with one of the blogger who started his blogging career in a very different way. He is Anil Prasad Ghimire who is better known as “Aakar” in online medium. His blogs: “aakarpost” is famous mostly in Nepal. According to recent data published in web his blog is among the 150 other blogs which is visited daily. He has a visitor of almost 25 hundred daily.

When asked about his the beginning of his blogging he said he began blogging to share his assignments online. It has not been that long that he got started with. He says 4 years is not a very long time. According to him, blogging is place where you can write your point of view without going through any form of gate keeping. He is a undergraduate student in computer engineering, and still thinks anyone can be a blogger. It just needs a continuous posting and updates. Anyone with general access and knowledge of internet and website can be a good blogger.

Money is not the primary factor in blogging says 25 year old Anil when asked about money being the factor of problem in blogging or not ? Blogging is for free and it can be done with in a minute if anyone has a keen interest in it. If you are going to host yourself and want to take blogging in a professional way then small amount of money would be preferable.

When talked about his readers, he confesses that it all started with just 4 reader a day and it has been 4 years and now he has almost arounf 25 hundred visitors all around Nepal and outside as well. Social media like facebook, twitter and now Goolge plus helps his articles to get publicized. After he finishes posting in his website he share its link using this platform. He says these kind of new media help in promoting my blogs and I feel lucky to have one.

When we asked him “What did you get after blogging for so long time?” he comes up with a simple answer like “Identity”. It is though simple but has a heavy meaning. People from various fields know him around the globe. Along with that he get to know people so much. Every day he comes across new faces and new reader to tackle. Many times he has fought with his readers online as he could not make clear his point of view.

He is very positive about his site and blogging because he says it’s the way how people will get informed in later days.

Mainstream media have a lot of ethical issues and gatekeeping which a blog completely gives freedom of. So citizen journalism is what is he talking about with less point of editing your thoughts and more of giving what we feel from inside. Aakar is now famous world wide and he wants people to get engaged in something like that. To end his thought he said anything you do, put your hundred percent effort in it otherwise you will not get what you dreamed about. Blogging is a very unique yet strong field you need to think wise, write well and post it daily. Then blogs can also be your way to earn money.

Social effects of Advertising

2011-08-15T21:23:00.000-07:00

The literary meaning of advertisement according to Encarta is "the public promotion of something such as a product, service, business, or event in order to attract or increase interest in it." Advertising is used to promote goods, services, images, and anything else that advertisers want to publicize. It is becoming a major part of mass media. At times, we may view it positively, at other times we may just skip or ignore it. In order to attract audience, advertisers use various techniques on their advertisement to make people aware of the firm's products, services, or brands. Although the methods used by advertisers are infinitely, they have a common goal to influence those who may become their customers to buy their products. An excellent advertisement will create a deep impression on its potential customers through particular techniques. The main function of an advertisement is to convey the reason for existence of a product and attract customers to buy. The word advertising is for communication only, whatever form it may be. Advertising is the only means of communicating with the masses and the word advertising is for communication only, whatever form it may be.

Sometimes the advertisers can make vague and ambiguous claims that may sound good. The most important factor in designing an Advertisement is that it should be addressed to a very well-defined target group to whom the product can be a good solution. People do not buy products; they buy solutions to their unaddressed problem. Hence, a good advertisement which presents the product as the solution to target groups is looking for, is very essential. It clearly implies that the advertisement should not over commit and should represent the problem and the solution very factually. "The advertising idea must be closely related to ideology of the targeted audience." (Salaimch, 2010)

Advertisements have many positive and negative effects which may not be noticed. The advertisement cost involves lot of money which comes from the customers. When the customers buy the products they pay for the products itself that includes the cost of production, packing, and developments. Here what is not known is the cost of advertisement. "It is logical to pay for the production and packing cost, but it is not understandable why the customers have to pay for the advertisement cost, which is hidden." (Advertising and its effect, 2011)

Ads will not really be negative, unless there may in some cases like the Red Bull ad where the content is quite derogatory where the man drinks Red Bull flies and opens his fly on top of the bird because the bird shat on him. That can be misleading because that is going too far with the tag for Red Bull. Condom advertisement cannot be misleading at all. The idea of showcasing an attractive couple and showing them in pleasure in fact encourages the use. Negative effects of ad would be when the communication is wrong, which seldom happens. It is really only in cases of Insurance advertisements, funds or generally speaking finances vertical advertisements. Keeping these hazards in mind even these corporate have started issuing a disclaimer immediately after the advertisements. "Cold drink companies are using aero stunts for their ads and also staking claim that the stunts are performed by qualified experts and hence not to be done by normal unqualified people." (25 Advertisements, 2007)

As we all know ads are those which are created for the attractiveness of the customers to increase sales. Nowadays the ads are not perfect and clear and not at all informative to the end users. The negative effects of ads are as follows:

Less Informative: The advertisements are less informative in case of the ingredients. They also lack in showing the cost, taste and quality of the product. On the basis of any model who acts in an advertisement no one can actually get the idea about the product. Similarly most of the advertisements do not show their side effect. Not every product is good for health; there are products which could have multiple malfunctioning to the human body itself. But, advertising agency and producers do not take much attention to these issues. Advertising should always focus on putting people at the heart of policy, communications and delivery to encourage behavior change. (Social Advertising in India, 2009)

Degradation of Advertisement: When we talk about recent advertisements, we can see that they are done for the sake of being advertised for the company which manufactures the products. There is nothing as such called natural and which can grab audience's attention. Sometimes they are catchy because they are humorous. That makes sense but when we see advertisements which have no practical meaning but still hit the market just because of the brand names being used.

Emotional feelings: Sometimes we come across advertisements which touch the feelings of human beings. Even there are numerous advertisements which sometimes cause harm to the human beings and affects the children more than others. Advertisements which are to children can be a good example here. When children are continuously prompted with advertisements of cigarettes, drinks then they are very interested to know what is inside it and want to try. So such things should be kept in mind when making advertisements.

Sometimes, with a view to attract the customers, the companies need to set trends and create images that customers will follow. After having established these, the customers have become addicted to the products which may not be needed for them. Today the adv conditioning and trend setting, judgments are made on what kind of clothes, shampoo, kitchen cleaner they use and not on who we really are. This leads to social discrimination and emotional insecurity. Hence the customers have to spend to be accepted. Advertisements are made in spirit of blind over consumerism without a soul. They should always be careful about the misleading advertisements. Social issues in advertisement have been the major concern of most of the general public. We should consider ourselves, our society and mostly the young minds that are continuously televised with so many advertisements through the learning means also. Strong rules and regulations should be implemented regarding showcase of advertisements in any form of media.

Bibliography

25 Advertisements. (2007). Business Studies , 64. 65.

Advertising and its effect. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2011, from www.radessays.com: http://www.radessays.com/viewpaper/45343/Advertising_and_its_Effects.html

Salaimch, F. a.-S. (2010). The Effect of Television Advertisement on the behavior of Caned Food Can Food Consumer in Small Industries. European Journal of Social Sciences , 335.

Social Advertising in India. (2009, September 19). Article Base .

RESEARCH ON SOCIAL EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETOWRKING SITES FOCUSING ON FACEBOOK

2011-07-30T11:04:00.000-07:00

Abstract

Social network sites are increasingly attracting the attention of academic and industry researchers intrigued by their affordances and reach. In this research article, we will describe features of social networking sites and give a brief discussion on the social effects of it focusing especially on facebook.

Introduction

Since their introduction, social network sites (SNSs) such as MySpace, Facebook, Cyworld, and Bebo have attracted millions of users, many of whom have integrated these sites into their daily practices. As of this writing, there are hundreds of SNSs, with various technological affordances, supporting a wide range of interests and practices. While their key technological features are fairly consistent, the cultures that emerge around SNSs are varied. Most sites support the maintenance of pre-existing social networks, but others help strangers connect based on shared interests, political views, or activities. Some sites cater to diverse audiences, while others attract people based on common language or shared racial, sexual, religious, or nationality-based identities. Sites also vary in the extent to which they incorporate new information and communication tools, such as mobile connectivity, blogging, and photo/video-sharing.

Social Network Sites: Discussion

We define social network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and view and negotiate their list of connections and those made by others within the system. The nature and classification of these connections may vary from site to site.

What makes social network sites unique is not that they allow individuals to meet strangers, but rather that they enable users to articulate and make visible their social networks. Social Networking Sites (SNSs) have implemented a wide variety of technical features, their backbone consists of visible profiles that display an articulated list of Friends who are also users of the system. Profiles are unique pages where one can "type oneself into being". After joining an SNS, an individual is asked to fill out forms containing a series of questions. The profile is generated using the answers to these questions, which typically include descriptors such as age, location, interests, and an "about me" section. Most sites also encourage users to upload a profile photo. Some sites allow users to enhance their profiles by adding multimedia content or modifying their profile's look and feel. Others, such as Facebook, allow users to add modules ("Applications") that enhance their profile. The label for these relationships differs depending on the site—popular terms include "Friends," "Contacts," and "Fans." Most SNSs require bi-directional confirmation for Friendship, but some do not. Most SNSs also provide a mechanism for users to leave messages on their Friends' profiles. This feature typically involves leaving "comments", sending applications, playing games, chatting and many other entertaining features.

Negative effects of Facebook

Facebook has quickly become one of the most popular social networking websites on the internet. These days it's not only available on our computer but through most mobile devices like cell phones and 'I-Phones'. And like all things that become so popular, it has developed some downsides. Here are just some of the negative effects of using Facebook .

Facebook is quite addictive. Once you get started you'll find yourself checking it everyday if not more. You'll be quickly hooked on reading all of your friend's updated status messages and trying to come up with interesting ones to post for yourself. Everyday Facebook will recommend 'people you may know' as possible friends to connect with as you spend hours going through the list looking for old high school friends or former sweethearts from past romances. Then there are all the pictures. You'll be uploading pictures of yourself, your family, your kids, your dog, your car, etc. almost every day. Then you have to spend time adding witty and descriptions to the pictures and tag all the faces of your friends all while deciding which picture should be your default picture for today. You'll also spend hours looking at all of your friends' pictures too, leaving fun and entertaining comments for them and others to read.

One of the most addictive things on Facebook is all of the games that are available. From bowling against your friends to starting your own mob; there are literally hundreds of game applications for your Facebook account. You'll find yourself spending hours upon hours playing games against your friends instead of doing your work or spending time with your family. To say Facebook is addictive is an understatement.

Another negative effect of Facebook is how accessible it makes you. Once you have signed up for a Facebook account you have made yourself completely exposed to the world. Anyone who wants to find out anything about you will be able to find it on Facebook . If you have exes who are trying to find you, or people in your life who want to stalk you or intimidate you, they'll have easy access to do it through Facebook . Maybe you have some old friends who you don't want to talk to anymore or someone you owe money to. Facebook helps these people find you sometimes with little effort.

Facebook can also affect you when trying to join a club or finding a new job. Many organizations and business now include social networking sites like Facebook in their background checks of potential members and employees. They'll be able to see all of your information, your age, location, whether or not you're employed somewhere else. If you're a fan of questionable type things like drugs, alcohol or pornography they might learn about it through Facebook . They'll also know if you are married or single and if you have kids or not. Plus they'll be judging you by looking at all of your pictures posted by you and friends. And if you have questionable pictures of yourself perhaps scantily dressed or involved in unprofessional things like parties and such, it could make or break you with that organization. Unfortunately most people don't realize that Facebook opens up our identity to millions of people and some of these people may use what they find against us.

The other negative effect, as with many websites online, is identity theft. Sometimes Facebook users provide too much personal information in their profiles and expert thieves can use this information to steal your identity. Listing your age, birth date, address, location, occupation, and other personal information can sometimes be all it takes for one of these deceitful people to take advantage of you. In some cases Facebook uses provide information without even realizing it. Simple things like a picture that has your car's license plate in it or posting a status message saying that you'll be on vacation for the next week; an invitation for burglars to rob your house. You need to be very careful with what the information you allow others to see on your Facebook page. If you do it right and keep these things in mind, you'll find Facebook to be a safe and fun place to stay in touch with friends.

"Words can't describe me", is how Adnan Patrawala, 16 yr old teenager from Mumbai, India had described himself on his Orkut profile. However, his kidnappers and murderers got to know a little more of him and ensnared him into a trap which ultimately led to the death of the young boy. This is perhaps an extreme example of the social impact of these social networking sites such as Orkut, Facebook, MySpace and Friendster on today's youth. But there is no denying its presence or its effects in our lives and minds today.

Often these days when we make new friends we do not ask, "What's your number?" Or "What's your email id?" Instead we ask, "What's your MySpace"? or "Are you on Orkut?" Such is the impact of these sites on our lives .The way we speak, the way we interact and the way we think is changing. Words such as scrapping, blogging, teasers which a few years back wouldn't have made any sense to anybody; but today it's being used with so much spontaneity.

As a matter of fact, Google even has links to sites, which gives the world's most popular acronyms. It is amusing but that is the way it is.

However, these sites fulfill a very basic criterion of humans. It is that of communication. People living in extreme corners of the world are seen to be getting married, friends from far-off places are able to keep in touch with each other and lovers from two parts of the world stay connected with each other's emotional needs. These help us make new friends, stay in touch with the old ones and let us know more about the persons we care... their likes, dislikes, interests and emotions.

There is an element of addictiveness in these sites and the youth are indeed getting endeared more and more into this addiction. The most appealing thing among these sites is that they provide a platform for the individuals to express their views, gives them the freedom of choice and expression... from anti-war campaigns to global warming issues, from Harry potter fan clubs to Osama bin Laden hate clubs there is everything for everyone to share and speak about.

What else could be more appealing than the thought of being heard not just by your group of friends but to the whole wide world. And that is where I feel these sites are here to stay. It just emphasizes the fact that man is a social being and shall always remain so.

References

Acquisti, A., & Gross, R. (2006). Imagined communities: Awareness, information sharing, and privacy on the Facebook. In P. Golle & G. Danezis (Eds.), Proceedings of 6th Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (pp. 36-58). Cambridge, UK: Robinson College.

Benzie, R. (2007, May 3). Facebook banned for Ontario staffers. The Star. Retrieved July 21, 2007 from http://www.thestar.com/News/article/210014

Chafkin, M. (2007, June). How to kill a great idea! Inc. Magazine. Retrieved August 27, 2007 fromhttp://www.inc.com/magazine/20070601/features-how-to-kill-a-great-idea.html

Major points to remember in Media system in India

2011-07-06T05:56:00.000-07:00

Political system: Democratic republic with bicameral multiparty parliamentary system.

Cultural system: Multi ethnic, multi lingual, multi religious, pluralistic society.

Economic system: Free market and monopoly. Movie industry:2^nd largest source of Income.

Media ownership: media houses controlled by typical family class of india.

Television: 1400 tv station, 4^th largest TV station around the world. Ramayana, Mahabharata telecasted in tv.

Radio: Initiated in 1924, 312 radio stations (AM/FM), Air Rainbow FM is one of the most earning fm in India. (It earns 2.5 - 7.5 Crores per year)

Print media: Established: 1780, 2^nd largest market in the world (on the basis of distribution 60-65 million per day), 4 major publishing groups. (3285- newspapers, including 252 in English)

Magazine- 100's of audience interest magazines, 3 dozen political magazines.

Online: 81,000,000 internet users. 11^th largest country that uses broadband.

Film Industry: Biggest film industry of world (Bollywood), 100 movies per year, 2 movies per day, multi language movies.

Advertising: Started in 1875, N.W. Ayer and son – First ad agency to get space in print media.

News agencies: 40 domestic agencies. (eg. Press Trust of India, United news of india)

Music Industry: Established 1907 – Gramophone, Film music is dominated, 4 dozen music industry.

Summary :The media in India represents a confluence of paradoxes: tradition and modernity; anarchy and order; diversity and unity; conflict and cooperation; news and views; feudalism and democracy; the free market and monopoly.

Economic realities and relationships between press, television and those who own these engines of control and change will eventually determine the future of India's communication culture. India's complex cultural mosaic, especially linguistic and communal, strengthens its diversity. The media and press continue to play a dominant role in deconstructing the diversity discourse that sometimes flares up in explosive situations.

Capitalism, the press, and public hunger for news promote a culture of media that is fast replacing the legacy of a feudal/colonial system. While corporatization and state regulations can muffle free expression, the force of public interest and the market economy strive for greater freedom and openness. Both politics and capitalism thrive on the liberties of a democratic system that continues to evolve into a functional hybrid of chaos and order.

Did Kathmandu University open?

2011-04-03T20:29:00.001-07:00

April 3^rd, Sunday

Kathmandu University got padlocked for around 30 days and now finally the normal studies have commenced from today. Within this 30 days of long padlock there have been too much of ups and downs which are not normal to the university. Election of the Students Welfare Council which took place in the central campus on March 1^st leads to result of tie between two panels and it created all the problem. Both the panels padlocked one after the other having been not satisfied with the decision of the administration. While the padlock was going on students from the neutral section had organized various informative and pressurizing movements against the KU administration. Some of the events were signature campaign, pamphlets and rally. This was not given much importance until a huge mass gathered around the administration building and shouted slogans against all the politically active party in KU. After the event the students themselves declared Kathmandu University as Bandh and politically free zone. But, due to the situation of the country no single neutral side can work against the politics. There have been again disturbances demanding their quotas and seats for undergraduate, graduate programs and jobs inside Kathmandu University.

First direct post to my blog from word

2010-12-22T05:34:00.001-08:00

This is my very first attempt to post in my blog directly from my word. Test Transmission

Impact of globalization in Nepali women journalists

2010-12-20T09:32:00.000-08:00

Objective

For my term paper I have chosen the topic, 'Impact of globalization in the female participation in media." The face of media and its content has been changing with the change in time. Similarly the core topic like women and media has also been in the phase of changing due to modernization. Women's involvement in media is the key topic to discuss in the field of mass communication. It is because they have always been regarded in terms of minority. Talking about the issues few years back, when we watch women in television, they are always assigned easy jobs, like reading the lines and reporting of their male colleague. Very few can be seen in the field doing the reporting, but these days the context is different. We find women in the field as well, with pen and paper, camera. There's nothing as such that women cannot do in the present day. Still the question arises, why don't we get enough and active participation from women if the scenario has changed?

My paper will thus try to touch these questions and find reasons behind less involvement of female in media. It will also try to see the direct and indirect role of foreign media to change the perspective of people to

Methodology

In order to make my paper authentic and readable I took information from write ups of various scholars. I also took the views and thoughts of women journalists who have been working in the newsprint and radio for more than decades. I asked the general people and their thoughts regarding my research. I took some of the famous scholars thoughts from the journals related to female participation in media. Various scholars and their views on globalization and issues relating female participation is also kept into consideration.

Discussion

Worldwide diffusion of practices, expansion of relations across continents, organization of social life on a global scale, and growth of a shared global consciousness is what is referred as globalization. Today, shared global consciousness has brought about change in the field of active participation of women in media. The scenario few years back was not like this. We could hardly see any women participation in national dailies, radio, television and other forms of media. Some way or the other, condition is still the same. There is participation of female, but not in the mainstream media.

We lack women's participation in the editorial board in the national dailies. The participation of women in the editorial departments of the Nepali news media is pathetic. The situation was even worse a decade ago, given the fact that there were only two and government owned broadsheet daily papers published till the early 1990's. There are now more than 10 broadsheet daily newspapers published from Kathmandu. Still, we don't see any active participation in the editorial board. But the promising and good part of the change is that we have seen female reporters, issues related to female and as a whole there is some involvement in the print media.
Similar case is with the television station and FM, radio. Private television services are a recent development; private FM radio stations are about a decade old. There are rarely very few number of participation of women. With the arrival and expansion of FM, radio and television services in the private sector, the number of women involved in the news media has increased. Many women are restricted to reading the news for radio and television. Be it in the newspapers or in the broadcast media, women are rarely given "important" beat such as political parties, prime minister's office and foreign ministry. Women columnists in newspapers were almost non-existent, but now days we can see that there are very good writers who have really proved themselves with their writing.

There are, however, miles to go before actually raising the level of women's participation in the Nepali news media sector. Beena Kharel, one of the journalists says: "Workplace discrimination against women is a well known fact, particularly those concerning inequalities in pay, unequal distribution of quantity and quality of work, obstacles to upward movement through discriminatory promotion policies and the physical design of the workplace not suited to promote gender equality. The Nepali problem of workplace discrimination regarding women is huge. Since women journalists are themselves 'marginalized', incentives and effective media policy are needed to bring them into the mainstream. As we have seen that there is sudden change going on regarding female participation in media, we can still hope for great changes, the change of providing the mainstream journalism to female as well."

Although media professionalism in the last several years has improved, there are still many miles to traverse. Ram Krishna Regmee says: "A lack of uniformity in the norms, values, processes and styles followed by the people involved in the profession is also making it difficult for journalism to take shape of a completely developed profession. The situation of having to always define Nepali journalism arose due to the absence of a tradition of taking persons who have a long experience in the field as examples, and the reluctance to take the substantive works done in the field in the past as a guide to the future."

In the wake of sweeping changes in the Nepali political spectrum since April 2006, there are hopes that women's participation in the media will increase significantly. With rising emphasis on filling in at least 33 percent of the seats with women in various representative bodies, the Fourth Estate might also be positively affected in larger media organizations where the editorial departments are structured reasonably well.

There are complaints that the case and cause of women journalists has been adequately raised in public for positive consideration chiefly because of absence of professional organizations taking up the issue extensively and persistently. Rekha Shrestha, a correspondent at The Himalayan Times said: "There are NGO's for women in Nepal. They conduct research on women in journalism and the media, raise all manner of issues related to women, and sometimes organizes interactions. They are opinion makers when it comes to formulating plans and policies regarding women. These organizations however are more concerned in mainstreaming women's issues in the media. In other words, they are focused on how to get more and better media coverage on issues related to women. There is no professional organization constituted by working women journalists to interact and share their experiences."

To Shanta Thapaliya: "A section of the traditional media has always downplayed women's right. In fact, they underestimated the potential of women."

Conclusion/suggestion

Women were and are still being used as a means of branding in media. They are in state of rising.

References

Adhikary, Nirmala Mani, Communication, Media and Journalism An Integrated study, Kathmandu: Prashanti Publication, 2008

Kharel. P, -----------------, Kathmandu: Supravaha Publication (P.) Ltd., 2006

मास्के, सुसन. नेपाली सञ्चारमाध्यम र महिला सक्रयता. अस्मिता. जेठ, असार. वर्ष ११, अङ्क ४९, पृ. ७–१७, २०५५
थपा, मञ्जु. पत्रकारितामा महिला प्रश्न. पहिलो संस्करण. काठमाडौँः इन्द्रेणी अफसेट प्रेस. २०५९.

के.यू.का क्लब

2010-12-20T09:27:00.000-08:00

के.यू.को विभागीय क्लबहरुलाई सक्रिय बनाउने अभिप्रायले सम्पूर्ण क्लबहरू एकजुट भइ काम गर्ने निर्णयमा पुगेका छन् । प्राय सबै विभागीय क्लबहरुको उपस्थिति रहेको उक्त भेलामा प्रस्तावकद्वय सुलभ विष्ट र लाल बहादुर बूडाले उक्त क्लब विशुद्ध अनौपचारिक संयन्त्र रहने बताएका थिए । यस संयन्त्रले के.यू.का क्लबहरुबीच समन्वय गरी विभिन्न सिर्जनात्मक कार्यक्रमहरु गर्नेछ । साथै यो कुनै नयाँ क्लब नभएको कुरा बारम्बार प्रस्ट्याउँदै थिए । प्राय स्वागत कार्यक्रम र विदाई कार्यक्रम गर्नमा सीमित रहने विभागीय क्लबहरुका लागि यो सही थालनी भएको भेलामा उपस्थित सबैको एक मत थियो । मानव दक्षता विकास गर्ने खालका कार्यक्रमहरु ल्याउने सोचले गठन गर्न लागिएको उक्त संयन्त्र निकट भविष्यमा उदाहरणीय बन्न सके फलदायी हुने थियो ।

केयूका नयाँ अनुहार

2010-12-20T09:26:00.000-08:00

“आज ड्राफ्टरले एउटा होरिजोन्टल लाइने बनाउन पनि पन्ध्र मिनेट लाग्यो भन्या !” ब्लाक एण्ड व्हइट स्ट्राइप्स लुगा लगाएकी एकजना प्रथम वर्षकी छात्राले फोटोकपी नजिक यसरी आफ्नो कुरा साथीसँग भन्दै थिइन् । नयाँ सोच, नयाँ लक्ष्य बोकेर आफ्नो भविष्यलाई सुनिस्चित पार्नका लागि काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालयमा आएका नयाँ अनुहार वा भनौँ नयाँ विद्यार्थीहरू मध्यको एउटा समूहको आवाज हो यो ।
त्यस्तै लाइब्रेरी बाहिर गोलाकार पारेर केही यूवाको जमात मध्यका मेकानिकल प्रथम वर्षका सुवास थपलियाले यसो भन्दै थिए, “मेकानिकल वर्कसप अति नै रमाइलो भइरहेको छ । पहिलो पटक भएकाले फलाम काट्ने काम अनि निलो एप्रोन लगाएर काम गर्दा निकै अनौठो महसुस गरिरहेको छु ।” यसरी कहिले यहाँ कहिले गेट नजिकको होटलमा त कहिले घर फर्किन लाग्दा यस्ता ताजा एवम् रोचक कुराकानी सबैले सुनेकै हुनुपर्दछ वर्तमान अवस्थामा ।
कहिले दिदीको खाना मीठो त कहिले किचनको अनि कहिले एच.केको । दिन प्रति दिन नयाँ नयाँ ठाउँमा जाँदै नयाँ स्वाद चाख्दै रमाईलो गफ गर्दै त कहिले पुराना विद्यार्थीहरूको जमघटलाई नियाल्दै नयाँ अनुहार केहि उत्साहित मुद«ामा रहेको महसुस गर्न सकिन्छ । केही गरौँ, केही सिकौँ भन्ने सोचका साथ आएका यी नयाँ अनुहार मौकामा केही गर्ने ।
प्रथम वर्षे विद्यार्थीहरु खेलकुद मैदान वरपर पनि पुराना विद्यार्थीहरूसँग घुलमुुल भइसकेको भान हुन्छ । अँझ भनौँ उनीहरु अहिले देखिनै बास्केटबल अनि फुटबल मैदानमा छाइसकेका छन् । यो एउटा यस्तो खुला ठाउँ हो जहाँ प्रथमदेखि अन्तिम चौँथो वर्षका सबै एकैठाउँमा भेला हुन्छन् र चिनजान गर्ने एउटा राम्रो अवसर प्रदान हुन्छ ।

यस्तै अलि गम्भिर सोच भएका विद्यार्थीहरू पनि देखिए । यस्तैमा पर्छन् अनुप प्रधान जो भन्दै थिए, “जर्नल बनाउन सुरू पनि गरेको छैन तर खास त छिट्टै सुरू गर्नुपर्ने” । आफूभन्दा अलि अग्रजबाट पनि केही सिक्ने हेतुले उनीहरुले आफ्नो चिनजानको शिलशिला निकै दु्रत गतिमा बढाएका छन् । “वेलकम प्रोगाम कहिले हुने हो ?” जस्ता प्रश्नदेखि “वोइ आज हामी कता खाना खान जाने” सम्मका कुराहरु विद्यार्थीका मुखमा झुण्डिरहने पाइयो ।

त्यस्तै केयूमा अरू थप समय विताएपछि मात्र यसका बारेमा केही भन्न सक्ने बताउँछिन् प्रशन्ना श्रेष्ठ । अनि सबै विषय नै नयाँ अनि रोमाञ्चक लागेको पनि उनको भनाइ थियो । कति जना विरामी पर्दै कक्षा जाँदैछन् भने धेरैको गुनासो विदा नहुनेका बारेमा रहेको छ । प्राय काठमाडौँमा हप्ताको दुई दिन पचाएर आएका यी विद्यार्थी यहाँ विदा कम हुँदा केही असजिलो भएकोले केयूको वातावरणमा एडजस्ट गर्न अलि टाइम लाग्ने पनि बताउँछन् ।

कतिले आफ्नो कुरा सोझै रुपमा राखे भने कतिले हिचकिचाएर बोल्न पनि अप्ठ्यारो माने । केयूका विद्यार्थीहरू अहिले देखि नै आफ्नो भविष्यप्रति गम्भिर भएको देख्दा खुसी नै लाग्यो । नयाँ विचार एवम् नयाँ धारका उनीहरु आफ्नो क्षेत्रबाट केही गर्न खोज्दैछन् । केयूको परम्परा अनि यहाँको हावापानीमा घुलमिल हुन अझै समय लाग्ने स्वभाविक नै हो । तर गलत संगत एवम् कुलतको सिकारमा यी नयाँ जोस नफसुन । त्यही नै हाम्रो कामना र चाहना हो । केयूको यो माहोलमा रमाएर पढ्ने लेख्ने कामका साथै अन्य अतिरिक्त व्रिmयाकलापलाई अगाडि बढाउनु, त्यही नै सबैको हितका लागि ठीक हुन्छ होला ।

एम्नेष्टि केयू नेटवर्कको भावि रणनीति

2010-12-20T09:25:00.001-08:00

मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धी काम गर्ने अन्तराष्ट्रिय संस्था एम्नेष्टि इन्टरनेसनल नेपालको मातहतमा रहि काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालय –के.यू.)मा करिव तीन वर्ष अगाडि गठित यो नेटवर्क अब विधिवत रूपमा क्लबमा परिणत गर्ने तयारीमा रहेको छ ।
स्थापना कालको करिब डेढ वर्ष निकै सक्रिय रूपमा रहेको यस संस्थाले हालका वर्षमा आएर आफ्नो कामलाई सीमित बनाई रहेको थियो । यसका बारेमा जानकारी लिँदा हालका संयोजक इन्भारोमेन्ट इन्जिनियरिङ चौँथो वर्षका अनुग्र के.सी यसो भन्छन्, “सदस्यहरू बढ्दै गए र कार्यक्रमहरू पनि हुँदै गए तर समग्रमा एकै छानामुनी बसेर काम गर्न खासै मौका नमिलेकोमा भने केही दुरी बढेको महसुस गरिएको हो । त्यसै कारण पनि यस नेटवर्कलाई विधिवत रूपमा केयूका अन्य क्लबहरू सरह परिणत गर्ने कार्यमा हामी लागि परेका छौँ । यसपछि क्रमशः नयाँ कार्यक्रम गर्ने हाम्रो लक्ष्य छ ।” उनका अनुसार आउँदा दिनहरूमा मानव अधिकार सम्बन्धि गोष्ठि, बहस एवम् जागरणका कार्यक्रम ल्याउने तयारीका लागि यो समूह हाल आन्तरिक छलफलमा व्यस्त रहेको छ । नयाँ विद्यार्थीलाई लक्षित गरी यस संस्थाले गरेका थुप्रै नयाँ कार्यक्रमहरू एवम् योजनाहरूका बारे जानकारी गराउने उद्देश्यले एउटा रोमाञ्चक कार्यक्रम ल्याउने तयारी पनि गरेको छ ।

नेपाल छोड्न तयार अर्को नेपाली ब्याच

2010-12-20T09:23:00.001-08:00

“म त अहिले मज्जाले स्याट अनि टोफेल दिनमा व्यस्त भएको छु ।”, पुतलीसडकको व्यस्त सडकमा बुधबारको दिन हिँड्दै गरेका दुई युवकबीच भएको कुराकानीको एउटा सानो अंश हो यो । यस्ता युवा युवती अहिलेको समयमा पुतलीसडक, जावलाखेल वरपर छ्याप्छ्यप्ती भेट्न सकिन्छ । ‘स्याट’, ‘टोफेल’ भनेका विदेश जानका लागि गरिने विशेष भाषिक पूर्व तयारीका कक्षा हुन् । नेपालबाट पढाइका लागि भनेर विदेश जाने चलनको विकास भएको धेरै भएको छैन । अहिलेको परिस्थितिमा कक्षा १२ सकाउन साथ युवापुस्ता विदेश जानका लागि तम्तयार रहन्छन् र सोही अनुरुपको तयारी पनि गर्छन् । कक्षा १२ को परीक्षा सकिनासाथ विद्यार्थीहरु टोफेल, स्याट, आइ. एल्ट्स जस्ता कक्षाहरु लिएर आफूलाई व्यस्त राख्ने त चलनप्रथा जस्तै भएको छ । हुन त खाली समय भएर पनि होला कतिले यसको राम्रै उपयोग गरेको देखिन्छ भने कतिले यसलाई ‘समय मार्ने’ कामका रुपमा मात्र लिएको पनि पाइन्छ ।

विदेश गएर राम्रो शिक्षा हाँसिल गर्नु भनेको देशको लागि अनि स्वयं व्यक्ति विशेषका लागि पनि विकासको एउटा खुड्किलो पार गर्नु सरह हो । गुणस्तरीय शिक्षाका लागि पहिले देखि विदेश जाने चलन थियो । हिजो आज आएर यसको माग गुणस्तरीय शिक्षाको भन्दा पनि अनिवार्य परम्पराको बनेको छ, वा भनौँ फ्यासनको रुपमा यसले बढावा पाइरहेको छ । पढ्ने कुरालाई छायाँमा राखी देश बाहिर गएर पढ्नुलाई प्राथमिकताका रुपमा राख्न थालिएको छ । “के पढ्ने ?” भन्दा पनि “कुन देशमा गएर पढ्ने ?” प्रश्न मुख्य बन्दै गएको छ ।

पहिलेको सन्दर्भमा भन्नुपर्दा नेपालमा गुणस्तर प्रदान गर्ने विश्वविद्यालयको अभावमा विदेशीनुपर्ने बाध्यता नेपाली युवाहरुमा थियो । त्यसका लागि छात्रवृत्तिको परीक्षा दिएर, राम्रै छात्रवृत्ति पाएर जाने चलन थिया, तर हाल आएर यसको स्वरुपमा हल्का परिवर्तन भने पक्कै भएको छ । छात्रवृत्ति भन्दा पनि घरपरिवारबाटै रकम लिएर पढ्न जाने चलन बढेको छ । त्यस्तै सकारात्मक सोच बोकी विदेश पढ्न हिँडेका युवाहरु पढाइ भन्दा पनि पढाइका लागि चाहिने रकम जुटाउन दिन रात काम गरेर पढाइलाई छाड्न समेत पछि नपरेको घटनाबाट हामी चिरपरिचित नै छौँ ।

घर परिवारले विदेश पठाएर पढाउन सक्छन्, सक्दैनन्, थाहा छैन । तर, उसलाई घरको सीमाबाट पर रहेर पढ्न जानु छ । परिवारबाट पनि यस्ता प्रस्तावनालाई निकै सराहना गरिन्छ । “मेरो छोरा अमेरिकामा पढ्छ ।”, “अष्टे«लियाको सिड्नीमा छ मेरी कान्छी छोरी”, भन्न कसका आमा बुबालाई मन नलाग्ला र ? कति घरबाट त जबरजस्ती पनि पठाउने गरिएको छ । गर्वको विषय बनेको छ विदेशी पढाइ नेपाली घर परिवारका लागि आज ।

यसरी देशको युवा पुस्ता जसलाई हामी देशको मेरुदण्ड भन्ने गर्दछौँ, ती आज विदेश जान तत्पर मात्र देखिदैनन् बारु उनीहरु आफू वरपर रहेका सबैलाई नै लिएर जाने सोचमा हुन्छन् । विदेशी भूमिमा गएर त्यहाँको ज्ञान र सीप लिएर घर फिर्ता आए त एउटा कुरा, यहाँ त नफर्किने पो हो कि भन्ने पीर पर्न थालिसकेको अवस्था छ । नेपालमा पनि पढाइका लागि अहिलेको समयमा विभिन्न विश्वविद्यालयहरु नभएका भने होइनन् । आफूले रोजेको र खोजेको विषय पढ्न सजिलै पाउन सक्ने अवस्था आएको छ तर पनि विदेश नै पहिलो रोजाइ राख्नुमा विभिन्न कारणहरु हुनसक्छन् । तर वर्तमान अवस्थामा कक्षा बाह्रको परीक्षाको नतिजा प्रकाशनसँगै नेपाली भूमि छाडेर विदेशी भूमिमा पढ्न जानेको संख्या कति हुन्छ, हुँदैन त्यो हेर्न बाँकी नै छ । तर जान लाग्नुभएका साथीहरुमा यो अनुरोध त पक्कै गर्न सकिन्छ कि, त्यहाँको सीपलाई यहाँ आफ्नो भूमिमा सक्दो भित्र्याउनुहोला । अनि मात्र तपाईको विदेशी शिक्षा सही मान्यतामा उपयोगी सावित हुनेछ ।

नव आगन्तुक

2010-12-20T09:17:00.000-08:00

“ ओई पर्खी बस् ल म एकैछिन् फोटोकपी गरेर आउँछु , ला यो ड्राफ्टर समात्”, ड्रइङ क्लास सकेर फर्किरहेका तीन छात्रामध्येको एक जसले कालो सेतो बबल्स भएको लुगा लगाएकी उनले आफ्नो साथीसँग गरेको अनुरोध हो यो । काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालयमा औपचारिक रूपमा भर्ना भएर पढाइ सुरु भएको करिव दुई सातापछिको माहोलमा भएको एउटा सानो कुराकानीको अंश हो योे । हाल कोही आफ्नो कक्षा भएको ब्लक नपाएर अल्मलिरहेका छन् भने कोही कुन होटलको खाना मीठो होला भनेर दिनहुँ खाना खाने ठाउँ परिवर्तन गर्दै हिँडिरहेको भेटिन्छन् । हुन पनि अचम्मकै हुन्छ नव आगन्तुक विद्यार्थी हुँदाको यो रमझम । नयाँ माहोल, नयाँ उमँग, नयाँ जोश, नयाँ साथी अनि अयाँ माहोल पनि ।

State of Media in India

2010-12-04T08:53:00.000-08:00

Introduction to India

India, with a population of more than a billion, is a multiethnic, multilingual, multi-religious, pluralistic society. Politically it is a union of states (28 states and 7 union territories) and a sovereign, secular, democratic republic with a bicameral, multi-party, parliamentary system of government based on a universal adult franchise. It is governed by a written constitution, adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, which came into force on January 26, 1950. India was under the British crown 1858–1947; independence and partition into India and Pakistan came in 1947.

The president of India is Prativa Patil. The prime minister is Man Mohan Singh. The Capital of India is New Delhi. Influence and emergence of media is mostly affected by Bombay, Delhi, Hyderabad.

Media in India

The media system of India consists of different types of communications media, i.e. television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, books, Internet and several different new media (mobile phones, Ipod,etc). India also has a strong movie industry. Media system of India is taken as a free-market system. The deregulation and convergence are under way, leading to mega-mergers, further concentration of media ownership, and the emergence of multinational media conglomerates. Critics allege that localism, local news and other content at the community level, media spending and coverage of news, and diversity of ownership and views have suffered as a result of these processes of media concentration.

Politics and media:

Politics of India takes place in a framework of federal parliamentary multi-party representative democratic republic modeled after the British Westminster System. The Prime Minister of India is the head of government, while the President of India is the formal head of state and holds substantial reserve powers, placing him or her in approximately the same position as the British monarch. Executive power is exercised by the government. According to its constitution, India is a “sovereign socialist secular democratic republic.” India is the largest state by population with a democratically-elected government.

In India, the Press is free but subject to certain reasonable restrictions imposed by the Constitution of India, 1950, as amended (“Constitution”). Before the impact of globalization was felt, the mass media was wholly controlled by the government which let the media project only what the government wanted the public to see and in a way in which it wanted the public to see it. However, with the onset of globalization and privatization, the situation has undergone a humongous change.

Government control of the press:

Although freedom of the press in India is the legal norm--it is constitutionally guaranteed--the scope of this freedom has often been contested by the government. Rigid press censorship was imposed during the Emergency starting in 1975 but quickly retracted in 1977. The government has continued, however, to exercise more indirect controls. Government advertising accounts for as much as 50 percent of all advertisements in Indian newspapers, providing a monetary incentive to limit harsh criticism of the administration. Until 1992, when government regulation of access to newsprint was liberalized, controls on the distribution of newsprint could also be used to reward favored publications and threaten those that fell into disfavor. In 1988, at a time when the Indian press was publishing investigative reports about corruption and abuse of power in government, Parliament passed a tough defamation bill that mandated prison sentences for offending journalists. Vociferous protests from journalists and opposition party leaders ultimately forced the government to withdraw the bill. Since the late 1980s, the independence of India's press has been bolstered by the liberalization of government economic policy and the increase of private-sector advertising provided by the growth of India's private sector and the spread of consumerism.

Newspaper

Print Media started in 1780. The country consumed 99 million newspaper copies as of 2007—making it the second largest market in the world for newspapers. There are four major publishing groups in India, each of which controls national and regional English-language and vernacular publications. They are the Times of India Group, the Indian Express Group, the Hindustan Times Group, and the Anandabazar Patrika Group. The Times of India is India’s largest English-language daily, with a circulation of 656,000 published in six cities. The Indian Express, with a daily circulation of 519,000, is published in seventeen cities. There are also seven other daily newspapers with circulations of between 134,000 and 477,000, all in English and all competitive with one another. There are also numerous smaller publications throughout the nation. The combined circulation of India’s newspapers and periodicals is in the order of 60 million, published daily in more than ninety languages. 1990 the number of daily newspapers had grown to 2,856, with 209 in English and 2,647 in indigenous languages.

Malayala Manorama is a popular Malayalam daily newspaper in Kerela, India. This is India's largest circulated "regional newspaper". The Manorama group, which manages the newspaper, also runs the Manorama Yearbook, a circulated yearbook in the region. Malayala Manorama, which first appeared on 14^th March 1890, as a weekly, currently has a readership of over 15 million, with a circulation base of over 15 laks copies.Manorama is Kerala's largest selling and most widely read newspaper. Malayala Manorama has the largest readership among Malayalam dailies. The Malayalam word Manorama roughly translates to "Entertainer."

Magazines:

India has a large magazine industry with hundreds of magazines serving almost every interest, as can be determined by glancing at any newsstand in any large Indian city or states. Most magazines are owned by one of the large media conglomerates or by one of their smaller regional brethren.

India also has over a dozen major political magazines (the exact number is debatable, of course), serving every part of the political spectrum from left to right.

Finally, besides the hundreds of specialized magazines that serve the diverse interests and hobbies of the American people, there are also dozens of magazines published by professional organizations for their members, such as Communications of the ACM (for computer science specialists) and the ABA Journal (for lawyers).

Television:

As of 2009^[update], India is among the 4th largest television broadcast association in the world with nearly 1,400 stations

Radio

Indian radio broadcasts in two bands: FM and AM. Some stations are only talk radio featuring interviews and discussions while music radio stations broadcast one particular type of music: Top 40, hip-hop, country, etc. Radio broadcast companies have become increasingly consolidated in recent years. All India Radio is the national radio network, but most radio stations are commercial and profit-oriented.

Radio broadcasting initiated in 1927. The Indian national radio, All India Radio or Akashwani, networks are state-owned and managed by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Their news reporting customarily presents the government’s point of view. For example, coverage of the 1989 election campaign blatantly favored the government of Rajiv Gandhi, and autonomy of the electronic media became a political issue.

News Agencies:

India has more than forty domestic news agencies. The Express News Service, the Press Trust of India, and the United News of India are among the major news agencies. They are headquartered in Delhi, Mumbai, and New Delhi, respectively, and employ foreign correspondents.

Recorded music industry:

The recorded music industry had its beginnings in 1907 when Gramophone Company of India was established in Calcutta. Almost every major international player in global music business has a presence in India. These include EMI- Virgin Records, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Bros, Polygram, Gramco (formerly HMV), BMG, Cresendo, CBS Records and others.

Indian companies include T-series, Bombino Music, Magana Sound, Oriental Records, Plus Music, Super records, Venus, Tips, Time, Zee music, Padmini Music and others.

Indi-pop has also imerged but Film music always remained dominated.

Advertising Agencies:

The first modern “advertising agency” started operating around 1875, when N.W. Ayer and Son of Philadephia offered to produce advertisements and also to contract for space in press.

Film industry:

India is the biggest film industry in the world on the basis of number of movies produced every year. 1000 movies per year is produced. On the economic basis, movie industry of India is the second largest industry. In average, two movies per day is produced in India, which not only includes Hindi language movies but also of other languages such as Bhojpuri, Tamil, Telogu, Marathi.

Internet:

The Internet has provided a means for newspapers and other media organizations to deliver news and, significantly, the means to look up old news. By 2009, India had a total of 81,000,000 internet users comprising 7.0% of the country's population, and 7,570,000 people in India also had access to broadband internet as of 2010 making it the 11th largest country in the world in terms of broadband internet users. As of 2009^[update], India is among the 4th largest television broadcast association in the world with nearly 1,400 stations.

Some organizations only make limited amounts of their output available for free, and charge for access to the rest. Other organizations allow their archives to be freely browsed. It is possible that the latter type obtain more influence, as they are true to the spirit of freedom of information by virtue of making it free. Anyone who has followed external links only to be confronted with a pay to view banner, might attest that the reputations of organizations that charge is not enhanced by their charging policy, particularly when the same information is available from sources that don't charge.

The Internet, by means of making available such constantly growing news archives, is, in effect, writing our history as it happens, at a level of detail never before known. While proprietary archives are slowly exposed to the public after many decades, organizations that maintain immediately-updating resources have more control over what will be remembered by the general public in the near future.

Number of Daily Newspapers: 2,856

Number of Television Stations: more than 1400 stations

Number of Television Sets: 219,000,000

Television Sets 134 million households (out of 223 million) with television sets(103 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 20 million households are DTH subscribers.)

Number of Radio/FM Receivers: 279

Revenue from FM Stations: Rs 86 million as annual fee from the private FM radio broadcasters ('09)

Number of Radio/FM Receivers:

Number of Individuals with Computers: 161,000,000

Computers per 1,000: 579.0

Number of Individuals with Internet Access: 95,354,000

Internet Access per 1,000: 342.9

Media Ownership in India

Printing Press

The press of India is known to have a diverse ownership within the multilingual country. The top 10 newspapers control about half the daily circulations in all languages. However, ownership of some newspapers was argued to be controlled by monopoly houses. In North and South India, some escaped the monopolies and maintained their small regional newspapers. These were typically controlled by the family and caste of India.

Since May 1, 1995, all newsprint has been placed under ‘Open General License’, issued by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, whereby all newsprint can be imported by anyone. The Registrar of Newspapers for India is in charge of authenticating the certificate of registration.

Radio, Television Media

The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting is the head for devising and administrating rules and regulations regarding broadcasting, the press and films. Its role is to oversee the access people have to media channels, such as radio, television, films, the press, publications, and advertising. It targets people not only within India, but tries to reach outside of the country as well.

Internet

The Internet Public Library (IPL) provides information on Indian newspapers. Media in India is readily accessible via the internet. As of 2002, there were 62 Indian newspapers available online.

Conclusion:

The Media systems in India enjoy freedom. Democracy has provided them to the license to expand to large business corporations and thus these media strongly stimulate the process of globalization. However, India as becoming one of the dominating and powerful countries affects not only its neighboring countries but also imposes its culture and trade to other countries. The Indian mainstream media system is very powerful and dangerous appendage of a system that does not give a damn about the advancement of the rest of humanity. Its true function is to project the worldview and culture of the imperial system, of which it is an integral component. Keeping the public as dumbed down as possible keeps their corporate clients happy and their political partners in power. After all, if most Indian truly knew that their country’s government was at the root of most of the nation’s international disputes, they actually might try to rise up and do something about it.

के यू को कुना कुनामा विश्वकप

2010-07-15T10:18:00.000-07:00

अमिर जोशी

विश्वकप फूटबल २०१० को रौनकमा नरमाउने सायदै कोही भेटिएला, अहिलेको माहोलमा । यसै पनि चार वर्षमा आउने यो महाउत्सव कसैका लागी रमाइलोको विषय बन्न पुगेको छ भने कतिका लागि राम्रो आमदानीको स्रोत ।
जहाँ गएपनि फूटबलले राम्रै स्थान पाएको छ । घरको कोठा, विद्यालयको बस, कक्षाकोठा, भीडमा हिँडिरहेको जमात, जहाँ त्यहीँ फूटबल अनि अबेर रातसम्म चलेको खेलको चर्चा सुन्न पाइन्छ । “के भो दाइ, आँखा त रातो रातो छ नि, बिरामी पर्नु भो कि क्या हो ?” भनेर चिया पिउँदै गर्दा एकजना चिया पसले दाइले गर्वका साथ भने, “फूटबल हेरेको थिएँ” । प्रश्न सोध्ने दाजुले पनि कुरा बुझेरनै त्यो खेलको विस्तृत छलफल सुरु गरे । हालत यो छ फूटबलको देशभर नैँ भनौँ ।
विश्वकप महासंग्रामको असर वा भनौँ त्यसको रौनक काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालयमा पनि राम्रोसँग नै छाएको देखिन्छ । केयूको मूलद्वारबाट छात्रावाससम्म जहिँतहीँ फूटबल नै फूटबल पाकिरहेको छ, अनि पकाइराखिएको छ । विश्वकप महासंग्रामका खेल दक्षिण अफ्रिकामा भैरहँदा यहाँ विश्वविद्यालय छात्रावासहरूमा कोही अर्जेन्टिनाको त कोही ब्राजिलको जर्सी लगाएर समर्थन गरिरहेका भेटिन्छन् । छात्रावासभित्रै रहेर पनि विद्यार्थीहरुले विश्वकपको भरपुर मनोरञ्जन लिन पाएका छन् । साथै पुरुष छात्रावास भित्रको सोसियल हलमा राखिएको प्रोजेक्टर अनि ठूलो साउन्ड बक्सका कारण भने यहाँ अर्कै रौनक देख्न पाइन्छ । खेल साँझमा होस् चाहे मध्यरातमा, फुर्सदको समय होस्, चाहे आन्तरिक परीक्षाको बेलामा नै, यहाँ खेलप्रेमी दर्शकको राम्रै भीड देखिन्छ । वा भनौँ दर्शकको कमी कहिल्यै भेटिँदैन ।
त्यसैगरी, छात्रावासमा फूटबलको रौनक छाइरहँदा फेसबुकमा भने खेल हेर्ने, नहेर्ने अनि बुझ्ने, नबुझ्ने जमातबीच कोलाहल देखिन्छ । कसैले आफ्नो प्रोफाईल फोटोमा मनपर्ने देशको जर्सीमा आफ्नो नाम अनि नम्बर राखेर पोष्ट गर्नेगरेको भेटिन्छ, भने कतै विश्वकपको गीतको बोललाई स्टेटसमा राखेको पाइन्छ । क्रिकेटमा जस्तै यहाँ फुटबलमा पनि खेल भइरहँदा, खेलको ताजा ताजा जानकारी स्टेटसमा राख्ने चलनलाई कतिले निरन्तरता दिइरहेका छन् भने कतिले स्टेटसमा नै कसले जित्ला भनेर भिडन्त गरिरहेका छन् । समग्रमा भन्नुपर्दा फेसबुक फुटबलमय भएको छ । पहिलेको तुलनामा यसपालीको फूटबल रौनकमा महिलाको सहभागिता पनि निकै धेरै देख्न सकिन्छ । पहिले खेलबाट टाढा भाग्नेहरू, यो पाली भने निकै नै जोसका साथ आ–आफ्नो मनपर्ने देशलाई सपोर्ट गरिरहेका छन् । केयू गल्र्स हस्टेलमा पनि फूटबलले रामै्र उपस्थिति पाएको छ ।
यसरी वरपर यतिको रमाइलो भैरहँदा फुटबलका बारे दुःख, वेदना पोख्नेको जमात भने अर्को तर्फ रहेको छ । “नेपालको जर्सी लगाएर मैले कहिले नेपाललाई विश्वकपमा सपोर्ट गर्नेहोला” भनेर छात्रावासमा बस्ने एक विद्यार्थीले आफ्नो दुखेसो पोखेका थिए एक दिनको फेसबुकको स्टेटसमा । भने हाम्रा देशका नेताहरुको आपसी झगडालाई पनि फूटबलको मैदानमा देखाउन पछि परेका छैनन् हाम्रा फेसबुकका मित्रहरु । के केटा, के केटी, सबैजनानै फूटबलको यो महान चाडमा रमाइरहेका बेला हस्टेलमा बसिरहेका ईलेक्ट्रिकल ईन्जिनियरिङ् प्रथम वर्षका अमर श्रेष्ठ भने हस्टेलमा त्यो मात्रामा क्रेज नरहेको उल्लेख गर्दैथिए । त्यस्तै खेलका दौरान बजाउने भूभूजेलाको आवाजले पनि धेरै नै डिस्टर्व गरेकाले खेल हेर्दा निद्रा लाग्ने पनि उनको दुखेसो रहेको छ ।
चाहे जे होस्, चार वर्षमा आउने यो महाउत्सवमा सबैले रमाउने मौका पाएका छन् । तर नजिकिँदै गरेको सेमेस्टरको परीक्षा अनि फूटबलको असली रोमाञ्चक मोड, त्यो हो फाइनलको मुठभेड, दुबैले दोधारमा पारेको छ केयूका विद्यार्थीलाई । तर जे भएपनि खेल अनि यसको मजा सबैले लिनै पर्छ । तर हामीले यो पनि विर्सनु हुँदैन कि हामी फुटबल हेर्न भन्दा पनि पढ्न आएका हौँ । त्यसैले त्यो कुरालाई मनन गर्दै अनि फुटबलको मोहलाई यथावत राखी महाउत्सवलाई विदाइ गरेमा सबैलाई अर्को चार वर्षमा हुने यो महासंग्रामको प्रतीक्षा मनबाट हुने थियो ।

State of Feature in Nepal - A research

2010-06-21T05:14:00.000-07:00

g]kfnL ;+rf/dfWoddf -d'Vou/L kqklqsf_ lkmr/df l;lG8s]6sf] cj:yf

cld/ hf]zL

kl/ro

of] cg';Gwfgn] g]kfnL ldl8ofdf /x]sf] lkmr/df l;lG8s]6sf] cj:yfnfO{ cWoog ug]{5 . l;lG8s]6 eg]sf] s'g}klg Pp6f o:tf] s]lGb|s[t ;+:yf xf] h;n] d'Vo d'b\bfnfO{ :jo+n] g} x]g]{ ub{5 . lkmr/sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnafx]s cGo b]zx?df Pp6f 5'§} ;+:yf x'G5 h;n] lkmr/sf] ljlqm ljt/0f t pTkfbg ub{5, h;nfO{ d'Vou/L lkmr/ l;lG8s]6 elgG5 . t/, g]kfndf lkmr/ eg]sf] g} s] xf] eg]/ ls6fg u/]/ eGg g;Sg] cj:yf /x]sfn] oxfF l;lG8s]6 g} eg]/ 5'§} ;+:yf vf]Ng] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5}g . To;}n] of] d]/f] cg';Gwfgn] l;lG8s]6 eGbf klg g]kfndf lkmr/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf s] 5 eg]/ cWoog ug]{5 . g]kfndf slt lkmr/ lgsfNg] ;+:yf 5g\ t ltgLx?sf] jt{Dffg cj:yfsf] rrf{ kl/rrf{ ug'{ g} of] cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo Wo]o xf] .

d'Vou/L cª\u|]hL kqklqsfx?df k|sflzt x'g] ;dfrf/d'ns hfgsf/L afx]ssf dgf]/~hgfTds, 76\of}nL, jf}l¢s 1fg a9fpg], sf6'{g lrqx?nfO{ lkmr/sf] ;+1f lbOG5 . ljz]if u/L ;+;f/ e/ o:tf lkmr/ pTkfbg ug]{ / o;sf] ljlqm ljt/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;+:yfx? 5g\ . o:tf ;+:yfx?nfO{ g} l;lG8s]6 elgG5 / o:tf l;lG8s]6 ;+;f/e/ ;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ . tL dWo] s]xL lsË lkmr/ l;lG8s]6, l6|ljo"g ldl8of ;le{;, o"\gfO{6]8 ldl8of, O{= 8An'= O:s[K; cflb x'g\ . eg] g]kfnL 5fkf dfWodx?df o:tf s'g} l;lG8s]6 5}gg\ . g]kfndf /x]sf s]xL c+Ë]|hL klqsfx?df k|sflzt x'g] ljleGg lkmr/ klg dfly pNn]lvt l;lG8s]6af6 vl/b ul/ k|sfzgdf NofOG5 . eg] cGo g]kfnL 5fkfsf] ;Gbe{df ljljw If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L klqsfdf Pp6f 5'§} 7fpF x'g] ub{5 .

g]kfnL lkmr/sf] Oltxf;

g]kfndf kqsfl/tfsf] z'?jft;Fu} lkmr/ n]vgsf] klg z'?cft ePsf] xf] . uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg ;Fu;Fu} lkmr/ n]Vg] sfd eP klg tL ;fdu|LnfO{ lkmr/ elgFb}gYof] . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf k"j{ dxfk|aGws ef/tbQ sf]O/fnfsf cg';f/ ælkmr/ g} geg] klg lkmr/ h:t} n]vx? 5flkGy] pa]nf .Æ lkmr/ n]vgsf] Oltxf;, t;y{, nfdf] eGg ldn] klg lkmr/ ;]jfsf] ?kdf k|sfzg / ljt/0f x'g yfn]sf] ;g\ !(*^ af6 dfq} xf] . ;/sf/L ;+:yf /f]gf:6n] lkmr/ ;]jfsf] ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{ k|of; klxnf] k6s u/]sf] lyof] / o:t} k|of; kl5Nnf lbgdf cGo ;+:yfx?n] z'? u/] .

g]kfndf lkmr/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf

;g\ !(*^ df /f]gf:6sf] lj1fg n]vdfnf k|sfzg;Fu}} ;'? ePsf] cf}krfl/s lkmr/ jf n]vdfnf k|sfzg sfo{ ;g\ @))# ;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljleGg !@ ;+:yfn] !^ j6f lkmr/ k|sfzg ;'? u/]sf] dflysf] cWoogaf6 k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ k'/fgf aGb x'g] / gofF If]qdf gofF n]vdfnf lg:sg] qmd hf/L 5 . lzIff n]v ;Fufnf], hfu/0f n]vdfnf / ;fd'bflos jg n]vdfnf xfn}dfq k|sfzgdf cfPsf x'g\ . ;j}eGbf k'/fgf] / w]/} rn]sf] lj1fg n]vdfnf cfjZos /sdsf] cefjdf ;g\ @))@ sf] z'?cft;Fu} s]xL dlxgf aGb lyof] eg] cGo aGb x'g]x?df klg k|fonfO{ ah]6n] g} e"ldsf v]nf]sf] 5 . aGb ePsf n]vdfnf tLg dlxgfb]lv 8]9 jif{;Dd rn]sf 5g\ . o:tf n]vdfnf k|sfzg k|fo aflx/L ;xof]udf lge{/ /x]sfn] ;xof]u x'Fbf;Dd rNg] / ;xof]u cfpg 5f8]kl5 aGb x'g] uPsf] b]lvG5 .

lkmr/ ;]jf rnfpg]x?sf] p2]]Zodf leGgtfsf sf/0f klg lkmr/ ;]jfn] lg/Gt/tf gkfPsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . /fd|f] lkmr/ tof/ u5f}F{, clg a]R5f}F eg]/ lkmr/ ;]jf z'?jft ul/Psf] geO{ lkmr/nfO{ k|rf/ jf jsfnt ug]{ dfWodsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{x?sf] ;ª\Vof w]/} 5 . s'g} ljifo, ;jfn jf ;d:ofn] ;+rf/dfWoddf :yfg gkfPsf] jf cfjZos jx; x'g g;s]sf] dx;'; u/L ToxL sfo{sf nflu cNksfnLg /0fgLlt cGtu{t lkmr/ k|sfzg ug]{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . To;afx]s ldl8ofdf ;Lw} ;DaGw gePsf gf/L r]tgf s]Gb| jf dlxnf k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| h:tf ;+:yfx?;d]t n]bdfnf jf lkmr/ k|sfzg sfo{df nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . oL ;+:yfx? ;Lw} ;+rf/ If]q;Fu ;DjlGwt gwPsfn] ldl8of pgLx?sf] bL3{sfnLg sfo{If]q xf]Og / o; cj:yfdf logn] lgsfNg] lkmr/ ;]jf w]/} nfdf] ;do gl6Sg ;S5 .

-ljz]if u/L of] cWoogsf qmddf ;g\ @))% df ul/Psf] Ps cWoogsf ;fdfu|LnfO{ ;|f]tsf ?kdf lnPsfn] sltko lkmr/x? xfn aGb /x]sf] klg x'g ;Sg] 5 ._

g]kfndf lkmr/ ;]jf k|sfzg÷;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx? lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M

!= lj1fg n]vdfnf

g]kfnL ldl8ofdf vf;u/L ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs;Dddf lj1fg, j}1flgs vf]h, :jf:Yo h:tf ljifox?n] vf;} :yfg kfpg ;s]sf lyPgg\ . lj1fg, k|ljlw If]qdf 7"n} 36gf ePsf a]nf ljb]zL ;dfrf/ Ph]G;Lx?n] tof/ ug]{ ;fdu|L pNyf u/]/ 5fKg'afx]s g]kfnL ldl8ofdf of] If]qsf cGo ;fdu|L lj/n} 5flkGy] . ;g\ !(*^ df g]kfn /fhsLo lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg -/f]gf:6 xfn gf:6_ sf] :yfkgfkZrft\ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw / :jf:YonfO{ s;/L hgd'vL agfpg] cyjf tL If]qsf 1fgnfO{ s;/L ;j{;fwf/0fdf pgLx?n] a'‰g] efiffdf k'¥ofpg] eGg]af/] k6sk6s 5nkmn ePsf lyP . oL 5nkmnx?af6 Pp6f 5'§} lj1fg ;~rf/ cfof]hgfsf] :yfkgf ug]{ lgisif{ lgsflnof] . uf]/vfkqsf ;Dkfbs;d]t /x]sf uf]s'n kf]v/]nnfO{ pQm cfof]hgfsf] lgb]{zs agfOof] . /f]gf:6sf j}1flgs lbg]z e'h" tyf csf{ kqsf/ k|sfz vgfn sfo{qmd clws[tsf ?kdf 6Lddf ;fd]]n x'g' eof] . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf If]qdf ePsf /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o pknlAw, ultljlw / ;fdfGo t/ ax'kof]uL 1fgsf e08f/nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f ;dIf k'¥ofpg] o;sf] nIf lyof] / ;f]xL cg'?k xfn klg of] ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] sfo{ lgoldt ?kdf ul//x]sf] 5 .

@= lkmr/ ;]jf

PgkLcfOsf g]kfnu~h / lj/f6gu/ If]qLo ;~rf/ ;|f]t s]Gb| -cf/Pd cf/;L_ n] 5'§5'§} lkmr/ ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnu~h ;|f]t s]Gb|n] ;g\ !((% / lj/f6gu/ ;|f]t s]Gb|n] ;g\ !((& b]lv …lkmr/ ;]jfÚ gfddf å}dfl;s lkmr/ ;]jf z'? u/]sf] xf] . d"ntM :yfgLo kqsf/ / kqsfl/tfsf] :t/ psf:g] p2]Zon] If]qLo lkmr/ ;]jf z'? ul/Psf] atfOG5 . lkmr/ n]Vbf cltl/Qm cfo x'gfn] klg :yfgLo kqsf/x? cfˆgf] lkmr/n] :yfg kfcf];\ eg]/ d]xgt klg u5{g\ . cGt/f{li6|o ;+:yf 8flg8fn] o; sfo{sf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

#= Dflxnf ÷;+rfl/sf n]vdfnf

dlxnf xslxtsf nflu sfo{/t ;+:yfx? dgUo] v'n]sf 5g\ . oBlk, zbLof}Fblv rlncfPsf y'k|} dlxnf pGglt lj/ff]wL ;+:sf/, /Lltlyltx? Ps} kfnf]df kl/jt{g x'g ;Qm}g . b'O{j6f /0fgLlt Ps, ;~rf/dfWoddf sfo{/t k'?ifx?nfO{ dlxnfsf d'2fx? k|lt ;+j]bgzLn agfpg] / b'O{, dlxnf;DaGwL ljifox?nfO{ ;~rf/dfWoddf cflwsflws k'¥ofpg], ul/ ;~rf/sdL{ dlxnfx?sf] ;lqmotfdf ;g\ !((^ b]lv dlxnf ;+rfl/sf n]vdfnf ;'? u¥of] . z?df dlxnf n]vdfnf / ;g\ @))@ km]a|'c/L b]lv ;~rfl/sf n]vdfnfsf gfddf k|sflzt e}/x]sf] 5 . o; lkmr/nfO{ cGt/f{li6|o ;+:yf P;PgeLsf] ;xofu x'g]u/]sf]df ;g\ !((( b]lv csf]{ ljb]zL ;+:yf 8flg8fsf] ;xof]u kfO/x]sf] 5 . dfl;s ?kdf xfn klg of] n]vdfnf k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}Fsf lgoldt klqsf?df / df]km;nsf] xsdf ;Dks{sf kqklqsfx?df oL n]vdfnfx? x'nfsdfkm{t lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul/G5 .

$= rf}tf/L n]vdfnf

dfl6{g rf}tf/Ln] /fhgLlt, ko{6g, ;flxTo, cy{ nufot ;dfhsf ljleGg ;jnfx?sf] kl/k]Iodf cª\u]|hL efiffdf n]lvPsf] ÷ 5flkPsf] ljleGg n]v, lgaGw jf k':ts ;dLIff cflbnfO{ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ug]{ / ;f] g]kfnL k|];nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] u/]sf] lyof] of] ;+:yfn], rf}tf/L n]vgdfnf dfkm{t . !((& dff z'? ul/Psf] of] n]vgdfnf k|sfzgsf] ;=of]h k|To"if jGtn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . xfn of] n]vgdfnf lgoldt ?kdf k|sflzt x'Fb} 5 .

%= g]km]h n]vdfnf

jftfj/0fsf If]qdf ;lqmo kqsf/x?sf] ;+:yf g]km]hn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} jftfj/0f ;+/If0fx]t' ljleGg sfo{x? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . jftfj/0fsf d'b\bfx? h}ljs ljljwtf, ;/;kmfO / ko6{g ;DalGw 5'§f5'§} n]vdfnf lgsfNg] h:tf] ;/fxgLo sfd u/]sf] o; ;+:yfn] ah]6sf] cefjsf sf/0f pQm sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;s]g . kmn:j?k xfn of] ;+:yfn] jflif{s ?kdf g]km]h gfds n]vdfnf k|sflzt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . h;df jftfj/0f ;DalGw ;Dk"\0f{ d'b\bfnfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy;fy} cw{jflif{s ?kdf ljleGg jftfj/0fLo d'b\\bfsf n]vdfnf klg k|sflzt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

^= /f;; lkmr/ ;]jf

/f;;n] klxn] k|foM ;dfrf/dfq k|jflxt ub}{ cfPsf]df ;g\ !((* b]lv eg] lkmr/nfO{ :yfg lbg yfn]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((* kl5 lgoldt ?kdf ljleGg ljigofg lkmt/ tof/ u/L xKtfsf] b'O{ lbg dËnaf/ / zlgaf/ lgoldt k|]lift ub}{ cfPsf] /f;;sf oL lkmr/x? 5'§} k|sflzt ul/Fb}gg\ . xfn xKtfsf] Ps k6sdfq of] n]vdfnf k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

&= Hffu/0f n]vdfnf

blnt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox?n] ldl8ofdf k|fyldstf gkfPsf] dx;'; u/L blntsf ljifonfO{ ldl8ofdf Nofpg] k|of;sf] qmddf ;g\ @))@ h'nfO{b]lb hfu/0f ldl8f ;]G6/n] hfu/0f n]vdfnfsf] k|sfzg z'? u/]sf] xf] . of] ;+:yfsf] k|sfzg ryf ljt/0fsf] :j?k klg cGoeGbf tflTjs km/s 5}g . å}dfl;s of] lkmr/ ;]jfdf u}/ blntx? / ljz]ifu/L k|ltli7tx?nfO{ n]Vg k|]l/t ug]{ Wo]o /flvPsf] 5 . o"Pg8Llksf] cfly{s ;xof]udf of] sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf] xf] .

lkmr/n] ;d]6]sf ljifoj:t'x?

xfn lkmr/ pTkfbgdf ;+nUg ePsf ;+:yfx?sf] gfd}n] klg df]6fdf]6L ?kdf lkmr/ ;]jfx?n] s] ljifo ;d]6]sf 5g\ eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof ;+:yfsf] gfd;Fu ldNg] ljifosf lkmr?n] g} k|d'vtf kfPsf 5g\ . gf:6n] lj1fg k|ljlw;DaGwL, ;~rfl/sf ;d"xn] dlxnf ;DaGwL, lzIff kqsf/ ;d"xn] lzIff ;DaGwL, g]km]hn] jftfj/0f ;DaGwL cflb . lkmr/ ;]jfx?n] g]kfnL k|];nfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] ljljwtf pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/L sfdsf/afxL jf /fhgLlts ax;h:tf kf/Dkl/s / cf}krfl/s ;fdu|Lx?sf] ax'Notf /x]sf] g]kfnL 5fkfdf lkmr/sf] k|of]un] dfghLo ?lrsf y'k|} ljifoj:t'x?n] :yfg kfPsf 5g\ .

nufgL / ahf/

lkmr/ k|sfzg ug]{ ;+:yfx?n] lkmr/ ;]jfsf] nflu slt nufgL ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] olsg tYofÍ 5}g . bL3{sfnLg ?kdf lkmr/ g} pTkfbg ug]{ / To;df g} cfˆgf] j}lzi6\o sfod ug]{ ;f]r k|fMosf] gePsfn] alnof] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf nflu klg vf;} nufgL ePsf] 5}g . k|ltcÍ lkmr/ pTkfbg ug{ nfUg] /sddf klg ;+:yfx?dfem Ps?ktf 5}g . o:tf] vr{ k|foM b'O{ cj:yfdf km/s x'g] b]lvof] – Ps, cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ;+:yfn] g} lglZrt /sd vr{ ug'{kg]{ / gu/]df lkmtf{ hfg] cj:yfdf / csf]{, Psd'i6 /sd ;xof]uajkt k|fKt x'g] / To;nfO{ k|fksn] cfkm"v';L vr{ ug{ kfpg] cj:yfdf . kl5Nnf] cj:yfdf vr{sd nfU5 eg] cl3Nnf]df w]/} . Pp6f lkmr/ tof/ ug{ nfUg] /sddf ;f] lkmr/n] ;d]6\g vf]h]sf] ljifoj:t'n] lgs} km/s kf5{ . lkmr/sf] d"No To;sf] :t/Lotf;Fu klg bfFlhG5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ Ps cÍsf] nfut !) xhf/b]lv #)–$) xhf/;Dd klg nfUg ;S5 .

k|lt cÍ pTkfbgsf] nfut n]vsx?nfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds;Fu ;Lwf ;DalGwt 5 . n]vs?nfO{ lbOg] kfl/>lds ;+:yflkR5] km/s 5 . ;fdfGotof Pp6f lkmr/sf nflu pRkfbs ;+:yfn] n]vsnfO{ Ps xhf/b]lv tLg xhf/ ?lkofF;Dd lbg] u/sf] kfOof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]km]hn] cfˆgf tLg n]vdfnfdf 5flkPsf k|To]s lkmr/nfO{ b'O{ xhf/ ?lkofF lbg] u/]sf] lyof] eg] gf]e]Da/ @))@ ;Dd ;~rfl/sf ;d"xn] klg b'\O{ xhf/ g} lbg] u/]sf] lyfof] . /f;;n] k|ltlkmr/ #)) ?lkofF, PgkLcfOn] k|ltzAb ! ?lkofF lbg] u/]sf] 5 . hfu/0f n]vdfnf n]v / n]vssf] :t/vg';f/ lbg] ub{5 . To:t} ;fdflhs ljsf; vg';gwfg s]Gb|n] cg'jfbdfq k|of]u ug]{ x'gfn] Pp6f n]v cg'jfb u/]sf] ! xhf/ @ ;o ?lkofF lbGYof] . gf/L r]tgf / ls/0f n]vdfnfsf n]vx?nfO{ kfl/>lds lbOg] u/]sf] 5}g . o;cy{df /f;;afx]s s'g} klg ;+:yfn] aflx/L ;xof]ulagf lkmr/ pTkfbg sfo{df nfu]sf] kfPFb}g, rfx] Tof] k|ToIf xf];\ jf ck|ToIf .

lkmr/sf] nufgL / ljt/0f

qm=;+=	lkmr/	;s'{n];g	k\|ltcÍ pTkfbg nfut –xhf/df_	;xof]uL ;+:yf
!=	lj1fg n]vdfnf	#))	!)	g]kfn ;/sf/
@=	;dfrf/ ;Gb]z	%))	@)	cfOkLP;
#=	lkmr/ ;]jf -g]kfnu~h_	@))	#)	8flg8f
$=	lkmr/ ;]jf -lj/f6gu/_	@))	#)	8flg8f
%=	;+rfl/sf lkmr/ ;]jf	#))	@)	o'PgPkmkLP, P;8L;L
^=	Rff}tf/L n]vgdfnf	!))	*	PS;g P8 g]kfn
&=	Hf}ljs ljljwtf n]vdfnf	@))	#)	8An'8An'Pkm
*=	ko{6g n]vdfnf	@))	#)	g]kfn ko{6g af]8{
(=	;/;kmfO n]vdfnf	@))	#)	o'lg;]km
!)=	ls/0f n]vdfnf	@))	!)	8An'Prcf]
!!=	lzIff n]v ;Fufnf]	@))	#)	PS;g P8 g]kfn
!@=	Gff/L r]tgf n]vdfnf	!))	!)	o'PgPkmkLP
!#=	/f;; lkmr/	@))	%	g]kfn ;/sf/
!$=	Hffu/0f n]vdfnf	@))	@)	o'Pg8LkL
!%=	Kff]if0f n]vdfnf	!))	%	cfˆg} ;\|f]t

;|f]t – /d]z kf/h'nL / k|To"if jGt, ldl8of pTkfbg / cGtj{:t', @))#

lkmr/sf] Joj:yfkg

lkmr/nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg To;df sfo{/t dfgjLO zlQmsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . nufgLsf] ;|f]t, nlIft ljifo / ;d"x rog ul/;s]kl5 lkmr/ s;L rnfpg] / s;/L w]/}eGbf w]/} kf7s;dIf k'¥ofpg] eg]/ 7"n} u[xsfo{ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . Joj:yfkg ;fd"lxs sfo{ xf] . xfn ;~rfngdf x]sf lkmr/ ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf sdhf]/ b]lvG 5 . o;cy{df sL tL lkmr/x? ;dodf lgl:sb}gg\, ;do ;'xfpFbf x'Fb}gg\, sf]xLsf] n]vg z}nL v/f] x'G5, s;}sf] jfo ;+/rgf nfdf, q'l6k"0f{ x'G5g\ cflb OToflb .

To:t} lkmr/sf] hgzlQmsf] s'/f ug'\{kbf{ k|foM ;+:yfdf Ps / s]xLdf b'O{ hgfn] dfq lkmr/ ;]jf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] kfOof] . ;~rfl/sf ;d"xdf xfn gLt' bjf8L n] lkmr/ ;]jf x]l//xg' ePsf] 5 eg] g]km]hdf ToxfFsf nfOa]|l/og /fh ah|rfo{ n] x]l//xg' ePsf] 5 . slt lkmr/ ;]jfsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] ;+:yfut eP klg k|lqmof ;+:yfut b]lvFb}g . ;+:yfut ;+/rgf psfLg] k|oTg ePsf] 5}g . sltko ;+:yf;Fu k'/fgf cÍx?sf] /]s8{;d]t e]l6Fb}g . Ps k6s k|sflzt ePkl5 sfd k"/f eof] km]l/ km]l/ rflxFb}g h:tf] ul/Psf] 5 .

lkmr/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+=	lkmr/	;+:yf	:yfkgf ;g\	;+:yfks	sfo{If]q	s}lkmot
!=	lj1fg n]vdfnf	Gf:6	!(*^	uf]s'n kf]v/]n	lj1fg k\|ljlw	lgoldt
@=	;dfrf/ ;Gb]z	g]kfn k\|]; OlG;6Ro"6	!(*&	Uff]kfnbf; >]i7	ljljw	lgoldt
#=	lkmr/ ;]jf	If]lqo ;~rf/ ;\|f]t s]Gb\| ÷ PgkLcfO, g]kfnu~h	!((%	Tff]of uf}td	ljljw	lgoldt
$=	lkmr/ ;]jf	If]qLo ;~rf/ ;\|f]t	!((&	Tff]of uf}td	ljljw	lgoldt
%=	;~rfl/sf n]vdfnf	;~rfl/sf ;d"x	!((&	cd[tf afF:sf]6f	dlxnf tyf afnafnlnsf	lgoldt
^=	h}ljs ljljwtf	g]km]h	!((*	s[i0f >]i7	Jfftfj/0f	;g\ @))) b]lv aGb
&=	Kfo{6g	g]km]h	!((*	lbks uh'/]n	Kfo{6g	;g\ @))) b]lv aGb
*=	;/;kmfO n]vdfnf	Gf]km]h	!((*	tLy{ sf]O/fnf	;/;kmfO	;g\ @))) b]lv aGb
(=	Rff}tf/L n]vdfnf	;LP;cf8L	!((&	Kf\|To"if jGt	ljljw	;g\ !((& b]lv g} aGb
!)=	/f;; lkmr/	/f;;	!((*	/f;;	ljljw	lgoldt
!!=	ls/0f n]vdfnf	cf]/]s	@)))	/]0f' /fhe08f/L	dlxnf	;g\ @))! b]lv aGb
!@=	Kff]if0f n]vdfnf	Ol/sf]g	@)))	Zff]ef uf}td	:jf:y	;g\ @))! b]lv aGb
!#=	Gff/L r]tgf n]vdfnf	Gff/L r]tgf s]Gb\|	@))!	k\|ltef ;'j]bL	dlxnf	lgoldt
!$=	lzIff n]v ;Fufnf]	lzIff kqsf/ ;d"x	@))@	xl/ yfkf	lzIff	lgoldt
!%=	Hffu/0f n]vdfnf	Hffu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/	@))@	;'efifs'df/ bgf{n	blnt	lgoldt

;|f]t – /d]z kf/h'nL / k|To"if jGt, ldl8of pTkfbg / cGtj{:t', @))#

lgZsif{

lkmr/ ;]jfn] a|f]8lz6nfO{eGbf cGo vfn] klqsfx?nfO{ dgUo] v'/fs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lkmr/sf cefjdf pkTosfaflx/sf klqsfx? rNg ;Sg] cj:yfdf b]lvFb}gg\ . h] h;/L ePklg n]vdfnfsf ;fdu|Ln] g]kfnL 5fkfdf /x]sf ljljwvfn] ljifoj:t'sf] cefjnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd k"lt{ u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] k|sfzg u[xx?n] lkmr/nfO{ klqsfdf 7fpF lbg] u/]sf 5g\ .

n]vdfnf ;~rfng ug]{ xf]8 b]lvP klg n]vdfnf lkmt/x?sf] :t/df :ki6 ljljwtf b]lvG5 . lkmr/x? /fd|/L ;Dkfbg gul/Psf, ljifoj:t'k|lt Gofo ug{ g;s]sf klg b]lvG5 . lkmr/nfO{ cfsif{s agfpg /]vflrq, t:jL/, sf6'{g jf tflnsfx?sf] k|of]u lgs} sd b]lvG5 . lkmr/ ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yfkg kIf /fd|f] 5}g . ;]jfnfO{ :t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg cem a9L d]xgt cfjZos 5 .

lkmr/ ;]jfn] lg/Gt/tf gkfpg' jf lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg'df ljljw sl7gfO{ b]lvPsf 5g\ . klxnf] s'/f t lkmr/ s;sf nflu lsg lgsfNg] eGg]df g} :jo+ k|i6 5}gg\, sltko lkmr/ pTkfbsx? . pgLx? lkmr/sf] :j?k cfsf/sf af/] jf lkmr/nfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg] eGg] ;f]r lnP/ sfo{/t 5}gg\ . To;afx]s, cy{sf] ;d:of klg 5 . ;]jf aGb ePsfx? klg k|foM cfly{s cefjsf sf/0f g} aGb ePsf x'g\ eg] aflx/L ;xof]u gx'g] xf] eg] c? klg aGb x'G5g\ .

ljljw sl7gfO{af6 u'lh|/x]sf] lkmr/ ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg Pp6f e/kbf]{ ;|f]tsf] vf]hL ug'\{ h?/L 5 . To;afx]s, cfˆgf k|Zt'ltx?nfO{ tYok/s / :t/Lo agfpg d]xgt ug}{ 5 . lkmr/ n]vg, ljifo 5gf}6, ;Dkfbg, k|sfzg / ljt/0fnfO{ ;do ;'xfpFbf] k|ljlw;Fu tfnd]n u/fpg ;s]df lkmr/ ;]jf c? k|efjsf/L x'g;Sg] b]lvG5 . lkmr/nfO{ lgMz'Ns ?kdf ljt/0f ug'{sf] ;§f s]xL z'Ns lnO{ lkmr/ ;]jf ;~rfng u/]df ;~rfng ug]{x? lbuf] ?kdf l6Sg ;S5g\ . j}slNks ;|f]t geP;Dd lkmr/ ;]jf pvfpg] / c:tfpg] qmd hf/L g} /xg]5 . of] qmdnfO{ ;'wfg{sf] nflu cfly{s / Joj:yfksLo kIfnfO{ r':t agfpg} k5{ .

साल्सा गर्ने होईन त ?

2010-06-06T20:04:00.000-07:00

वन्, टू, थ्री, फाईभ, सिक्स, सेभेन भन्दै चालमा चाल मिलाउन निर्देशन दिँदै थिए विचमा एकजना व्यक्ति । साथै उनलाई सघाउन अन्य दु्ई जना उनका मित्रहरुपनि विचमा नै थिए । कोही अग्ला, कोही होँचा, सबै जना नै नाच्नमा मस्त भेटिन्थे । यी सब दृश्यहरु हुन् केयू –काठमाडौ यूनिभर्सिटी) मा साल्सा सिक्न जम्मा भएका जमातको । अचम्म लाग्ला हेै ‘चार’ कता गयो भनेर । तर साल्सामा चार नै हुँदैन रे । मेरो ठाडो प्रश्नको ठाडो उत्तरमा साल्सा टिचर यशु खड्काले भनिन् ।

कहिले सबजना के गर्ने भन्ने अन्योलको वातावरणमा गलत चाल चलिरहेका थिए भने कोही निकै रमाइ रमाइ नाचिरहेका भेटिन्थे । विश्वविद्यालयको टाईट सेड्युलबाट आफू्लाई एकैछिन भएपनि टाढा राख्नका निम्ति तथा रमाईलो गर्नका निम्ति केयूमा विगत तीन सातादेखि साल्साको तालिम भइरहेको छ । हप्ताको केवल एक दिन त्यो पनि डेढ घण्टामात्र हुने भएकाले पनि मिडिया स्टडिज गु्रपले आयोजना गरेको उक्त तालिमका लागि विश्वविद्यालयका विभिन्न संकायबाट करिव ६० जनाको हाराहारीमा विद्यार्थीहरु आएका छन् । साल्सा सिक्नु सबैका लागि सहज त पक्कै हुँदैन । तर पनि हाम्रा विद्यार्थी साथीहरु केयूमा केही सिक्छु भनेर नै आएका छन् । साल्सा पनि यसबाट टाढा रहन सकेन । कतिको भनाई थियो, “जीवनमा अहिले सम्म पनि नाचेको छैन । खै कसरी नाचिने हो । आफैलाई थाहा छैन ।” भने साल्सा कक्षाको कुनापट्टिको भागमा भेटिएका इलेक्ट्रिकल ईन्जिनियरिङ्गका एक विद्यार्थीले भने, “मैले पहिले पनि सिकेको थिएँ । अहिले धेरै नै नराम्रो नाच्ने भएको छु त्यसैले त हाल यो तालिममा भाग लिइरहेको छु नि ।”

मंगलबारको चार बजेको कक्षा सकिना साथ वविता र ममता हतार हतार सिभी रमन अडिटोरियमको डाइनिङ्ग कक्षमा पुग्छन् । उनीहरुको अनुसार यो साल्साका कारण आफू निकै फुर्तिलो महसुस गर्दै आएका छन् । “कोही पनि यस ठाउँमा पर्फेक्ट छैनन्, सबै नै प्रथम पटक त कोही कोही दास्रो पटक सिक्न आएका हुन् ।” आयोजक पक्षका शेमुयल क्षेत्रीले कुराकानीका क्रममा भन्नुभयो ।

तपाईँलाई पनि त साल्सा गर्न मन होला नि ? भन्ने प्रश्नमा फोटोकपी कन्टेनरका काजी सुरेन्द्र र भाउजु नीलुले संयुक्त रुपमा भन्नुभयो –“ के गर्नु, बुढा बुढी सँगै गएर साल्सा गर्न त हुन्थ्यो नि । तर यहाँ पसल पनि त हेर्नु प¥यो नि, हैन र ? कति कतिबेला बुढा र मैले यहाँबाट हेर्दै यसो यहीँ पनि हात समातेर प्रयाक्टिस भने गर्ने कोसिस गर्छौँ ।” हाँसोको खित्का छोड्दै भाउजूले भन्नुभयो ।

कहिले खुट्टा फर्काउ, कहिले कम्मर मर्काउ, हरेक काम गर्न गाह्रो नै हुन्छ । साल्सा पनि एउटा राम्रै काम बन्न पुग्यो । कुनै पनि काम मनबाट गर्छु भनी ग¥यो भने अवश्य नै राम्रो र सफल हुन्छ । यसरी सिक्न आएकाहरुमध्ये कतिले केटाहरुको थोरै उपस्थितिबाट आफ्नै केटी साथीसँग नाच्नुपरेको गुनासो पोखे त कतिले धेरै रमाईलो भएको अनुभव हामीसँग राखे । जे होस् सबैजना केही नौलो, नयाँ र रोमाञ्चक कार्य गर्न पाएकोमा निकै खुसी थिए । अनि कोही भन्दै थिए, अब त गर्लफ्रेन्डसँग साल्सा मज्जाले गर्न सकिन्छ ।

पुरा भयो केयूमा प्राथमिक उपचार को तालिम

2010-05-15T09:40:00.000-07:00

जेष्ठ १, शनिवार

काठमाडाँ विश्वविद्यालय, काभ्रे

भुईँमा लडिरहेका एक युवकको हालत देख्दा निकै नै अप्ठ्यारोमा रहेको जस्तो भान हुन्थ्यो । छेउछाउमा लगभग ५, ६ जनाको समूहले उक्त घाईतेलाई सहयोग गर्न लागे जस्तो देखिन्थ्यो । साधारण पहिरनमा दुई जना दिदिहरु रमाईलो पारामा केही सिकाइरहनु भएको थियो । यी दृश्यहरु हुन् काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालयमा हिजो र आज गरि केयू.आर्.सी.सी.(काठमाडौ विश्वविद्यालय यूवा रेडक्रस सर्कल) को आयोजनामा भएको २ दिने आधारभू्त प्राथमिक उपचार तालिमको । जहाँ तालिम लिनका लागि विद्यार्थी वर्गबाट २४ जना रहेका थिए भने तालिम दिनका लागि वनेपा रेडक्रसबाट जयन्ती थापा र शुभलक्ष्मी श्रेष्ठ गरी २ जना आउनुभएको थियो । तालिम हिजो शुक्रबार र आज शनिबार जेष्ठ १ गतेका दिन सम्म रहेको थियो ।

कहिले स्लाईडको सहाराले होस् त कहिले प्रशिक्षार्थीलाई भुईँमा लम्पसार पारेर नै होस्, सबैले प्राथमिक उपचार कसरी दिने भनेर सिकिरहेका थिए ।

“लौ खै त फोटो ?” आफ्नो स्लाइडमा फोटो नभेटिएपछि अचम्म पर्दै आधारभूत तालिम दिन आउनुभएको एक दिदिले यसरी भन्नुभयो । पछि अर्को स्लाईडबाट केही कुरा देखाउँदै उहाँले सिकाउँदै हुनुहुन्थ्यो । उपस्थित कतिले गहिरिएर सिको गर्दै थिए भने कतिले त्यसलाई निकै खल्लो महसुस गरेको पनि भान हुन्थ्यो । त्यसको सहज अनुमान कोही एकै ठाउँमा बसेर हेरिरहेको र कोही छिनछिनमा फोन उठाउने बहानामा बाहिर गएको दृश्यले प्रष्ट पाथ्र्यो । तर, जे होस् सबैको अनुहारमा, “म यो प्राथमिक उपचारको तालिम लिएपछि कसै न कसैलाई सहयोग गर्नेछु” भन्ने त्यो जोश चैँ देखिन्थ्यो है ।

एकै छिनको बसाईमा पनि धेरै कुरा सिकिने उक्त तालिमको अर्को रोमाञ्चक पक्ष भनेको रमाईलो पारामा केही सिक्नु रहेको थियो । ठट्यौली पारामा आफ्नो कार्यलाई निरन्तरता दिँदै जाँदा चिया लिएर एक जना दाजु आउनुभयो । चियापान सकिएपछि पुनः तालिम कार्य जारी रहन्छ । जारी गर्नु अघि फेरि दिदिले भन्नुहुन्छ, “चियापछिको नमस्ते, है सबैलाई” । त्यसपछि लगभग आधा घण्टाको प्रस्तुतीपछि उक्त तालिम समाप्त भएको घोषणा हुन्छ र ठीक पाँच दिन पछि केयूमै हुन लागेको अर्को कार्यक्रममा सहभागी हुनका निमित्त नाम संकलन गरिन्छ । कार्यक्रममा यो दुईदिने अवधिमा सिकिएको कुरालाई नाटकका रुपमा मन्चन गर्ने निर्णय हुन्छ र सबैजना मुस्कान सहित आ–आफ्नो बाटो लाग्छन् ।

केही गर्छु भनी हिँडेका यस्ता युवा पुस्ताको जोशलाई सराहना गर्न कोही पछि पर्नु हुँदैन । त्यसैले पनि हामी सबै मिलेर आउँदो बिहिवार केयूमा हुन लागेको रेडक्रसको कार्यक्रममा उपस्थित भई हौसला बढाउन मद्दत गर्नुहुन म हार्दिक अनुरोध गर्दछु ।

बाँकी फोटोहरुको लागि,, http://www.facebook.com/photo_search.php?oid=362601685296&view=all

Is there a Yahoo! Lottery? Does Yahoo! Mail ever offer cash prizes?

2010-04-29T17:22:00.000-07:00

No. There is no Yahoo! Lottery, and YAHOO/ MSN would never send anyone information about a contest they never entered.

That’s the definition of unsolicited: you never asked for it. It showed up out of nowhere. The message probably also displays two other hallmarks of fraud emails: it appears to be official (with company logos, even links), and it demands urgent action “to claim your prize”, or something similar.

If you’ve received a message like “Final Notification: Yahoo! Mail Winner!” or “Your Email Address Has Won million”, it’s a scam.

Don’t reply to the email, don’t click on any links in it, and never divulge any personal information. Instead, click Spam.

Yahoo! Mail will never request personal information in an unsolicited email.

If you get an email that looks like it’s from Yahoo! but tells you you’re the winner of a Yahoo! Lottery or other contest – and it asks you to email personal information to claim a cash prize or reward – click Spam to dispose of it. You can also report this suspicious email by going to Yahoo's Abuse Form and filing a complaint.

"Phishing" is a play on the word "fishing" — because perpetrators are "fishing" for your private information or trying to find ways to trick you into sending them money. Don’t be fooled! These deceptive emails are used to commit identity theft, charge your credit cards, empty your bank accounts, read your email, and lock you out of your online account by changing your password.

Source:http://help.yahoo.com/l/us/yahoo/mail/original/abuse/abuse-63.html

BEWARE OF THIS. BECAUSE Any one of us can get this mail. I got it this morning. I had heard abut it but hadn't got any. Since, I got it and then I got this answer from yahoo.! thank you

खेल सप्ताहमाटग अफ वार र यसले तानेको दर्शक

2010-04-29T15:53:00.000-07:00

“कन्भर्स सुजमा खुट्टा चिप्लिन्छ है, राम्रोसँग डोरी समात्नु, यो गेममा तजित्नैपर्छ,” भनेर सिकाउँदै थिए एकजना सुन्तला रङ्गको सर्ट लगाएकाखेलाडी आफ्ना सदनका साथीहरूलाई । हेर्दा खाइलाग्दो जीउडालभएकाहरू एकातर्फ र उकालो ओरालो गर्दागर्दा सिन्का जस्ता भएकाअर्कोतर्फ । खेलको निर्णय पहिले नै अन्दाज गर्न सकिन्थ्यो, जीतकस्को हुन्छ भनेर ।

तै पनि खेलको नियमलाई बुझेर मैदानमा उत्रे खेलाडीहरू । “पहिल्यै डोरीतान्यौ भने फल गरिनेछ है” भनेर जलान दाइ कराईरहेका थिए । खेलसुरू पनि भयो, र एक दुई पलमै हारजीतको फैसला पनि भयो । अबकसले जित्यो भनेर त भन्न नपर्ला । कहाँ दिनहूँ आफ्नो कक्षाको लागिभीर–पाखा तल–माथि गर्ने शरीर र कहाँ गाडीमा हिँडडुल गर्ने ज्यान, तुलना गर्नु त बेकार नै हो ।
हाल जारी खेलकुद सप्ताहमा पहिलो पटक राखिएको ‘टग अफ वार’ नामक यो खेलमा देखिएको घम्सा घम्सीकोदृश्य हो यो । यो राम्रैसँग दर्शक बटुल्न सफल पनि भयो । केयूको प्राय सबै खेलको हालत यस्तै नै छ । चार सदनत बाँडिएका छन्, ती बीच खेल हुँदा त रमाईलो नै हुन्छ किनभने आफ्नै मित्रवन्धु बीचको खेल हुन्छ, तर असलीखेलको हालत तब देखिन्छ जब केयू बाहिरका अन्य टीमसँग हाम्रो टीमहरू जुध्न पुग्छन् । अनि हार हुन्छ, किनकीहाम्रा टीमहरू रमाउनका निम्ति खेल्दै छन् भने अन्य बाहिरका टीमहरू जित्नका निम्ति खेल्दै छन् । यदि यस्तोहोइन भने, हामीले किन भएभरका खेलमा एउटै खेलाडीहरू देख्ने सुवर्ण अवसर प्राप्त गरिहेका छौँ । टग अफ वारखेली भ्याएको छैन ‘ल अब भलीबल खेल्न जाने हो’ भनेर मख्ख पर्छन हाम्रा खेलाडी साथीहरू । खेलमा रmचि राख्नुपक्कै नराम्रो कुरा होइन तर सबैलाई मौका दिनुप¥यो नि । खेल्यो, ठीकै छ ,त्यसमा पनि जितिदिए त ‘ए राम्रैखेल्दा रहेछन् नि यिनीहरू’ भन्नु हुन्थ्यो । तर दुर्भाग्य हाम्रो केयूमा खेलाडीहरूको कमी भएको जस्तो छ । जे होस्खेलमा भाग लिइरहेका छन् । त्यो राम्रो पक्ष हो र हाम्रो खेलकुद मैदान भरिरहेका छन् त्यो त झनै सराहनीय छ ।
यो सप्ताहलाई विदा मानेर घरमा मस्त बस्नेको सङ्ख्याको पनि कमी छैन । फोन गरेर, ‘ल आओ न साथी हो, आफ्नै कलेजको स्पोर्टस् वीक त हो नि, एकै छिन् आओ अनि जानु’ भन्ने स्थिति आउन लागि सक्यो । तै पनिआइदिए अर्कै कुरा । “किन हो किन यो स्पोर्टस् वीकमा मजा आइरहेकै छैन । ‘स्पोर्टस् वीक’ भनेर जे सोचियो, त्योअनुरूपको रमाइलो कसेले अनुभव गरेको छैन” भन्ने जस्ता अनेक खुल्दुली मैदान वरपर घुम्दा समय समयमाआउँछ । तर आज भएको जस्तो नयाँ र नौलो ‘टग अफ वार’ जस्तो खेल हुँदा त्यो हल्लाखल्लाले मनमा उठेका यिअनेकन नराम्रा भावनालाई विलीन गराइदिन्छ । जे होस् खेल सप्ताहमा खेल्नेहरूका लागि र उपस्थिति जनाउनेकालागि रमाइलो नै भैरहेकोे छ र नयाँ नयाँ खेलले स्थान प्राप्त गरिरहेको छ । यो निरन्तर भई नै रहोस् । एकैअनुहार भन्दा पनि नौला र नयाँ अनुहारलाई मौका दिइयोस् । अनि मात्र, खेलाडीको सहभागिता बढ्छ, भित्रिएकानयाँ खेलको जानकारी प्राप्त गर्ने र खेल हेर्ने दर्शकको सङ्ख्या सोही रूपमा बढ्न जान्छ ।

Critical Analysis of the movie Kagbeni

2010-04-29T15:14:00.000-07:00

After watching the movie “Kagbeni”(directed by Bhusan Dahal), that was released in the year 2007, I came to the conclusion that the movie was really slow paced movie. It starts with the beautiful scenery from the various places like Jomsom, Marpha, Kagbeni and Syang. Besides that the movie fails to grab the audiences’ attraction as the story revolves around a small story related to the thought like “be careful of what you wish for”. For that the director has taken help from one of the short story, “The Monkey’s Paw” by WW Jacob. The 90 minutes movie revolves around the difficulties and problems that the people of that area have to face in order to survive. The story begins with Krishna (Nima Rumba) coming to a village to meet his childhood friend Ramesh (Saugat Malla) and Bishnu (Hanif Mohammed)from Malaysia after a long time. The story is that there is an super powered monkey’s paw, which has some real power to fulfill somebody’s wish. And that can be anyone who gets the paw. And if any other person uses it something bad happens to him/her or his/her family members or closed ones. In order to show the negative as well as positive impact of that paw, one after the other, the paw is used by the characters to whom that paw is not given. So, they are helpless and compelled to loose their life unknowingly. So if that paw solves one problem from one side, on the other hand it creates problem as well.

The movie fails to answer many questions of the audience. As a general audience I wanted to know what is the real impact of that paw? It didn’t answer that mystery girl’s role in the movie. Why does she appear in the movie time and again? To answer that questions we have to watch that movie carefully at least three times, which people don’t do it. We don’t have that much time to watch a movie thrice in order to get its general idea. It should have been made in a easy way. According to what I noticed in the movie is that it could have been much short. It shouldn’t have been elongated so much.

With lots of good part there are many other things which might make one feel this movie a bit boring. It is due to the frequent coming of the scenes in the middle of the story. The variation in the music sometime makes one feel amusing while the same music is considered irritating by one mass of people. The story is a bit complicated. Most of the viewers did not even understand the context and the story as a whole.
But considering things like in which context it was made, we have to give credit to the production team which went to such place where it was really difficult to shoot. Still they could give a movie like Kagbeni, which was an introductory movie to the real high definition digital movie. This movie turned out to be the milestone in a Nepali Movie Industry in terms of high definition digital format movie.

With reference to the articles and news that were published in the newspaper at that time, and from the source like www.kagbenithefilm.com and www.wikipedia.com I came to the conclusion that it was an average movie which could not attract much audience from the rural areas of Nepal. It was completely made for the people of urban areas and that too Kathmandu valley. So it was not a very successful movie. Still it has many good things to be considered.

Some of the Nepali Critics commented about this movie as following.
1. The Himalayan Times called over it "a benchmark for Nepali films."
2. Kunda Dixit of Nepali Times called it "superbly crafted, seductively acted, meticulously directed,"
3. Bishnu Gautam of The Rising Nepal says “"No longer will we have to be embarrassed about Nepali movies. It is not easy to bring out an impressive film with new faces, but Bhusan did it brilliantly. All the three protagonists, Saugat Malla (Ramesh), Deeya Maskey (Tara) and Nima Rumba (Krishna) are new faces but nowhere in Kagbeni are they seen as beginner. It provides you with the taste of western films including the love scenes, which are free from vulgarities.”

Amrend's Success

2010-03-30T09:05:00.000-07:00

“hold on to your dream
it sweetens all your nights
brightens up your days
because dream is a compass
that shows only one aspired direction -
success, success and more success “

This is what I want to say to one of my friend who just got scholarship for his further studies. If someone works really hard then he or she will surely get success at the near future.

AMREND PRASAD SHAH from Sarlahi who’s studying Civil Engineering(Ist year, 2nd semestar) in Kathmandu University got awarded with Indian Embassy’s ‘GOLDEN JUBILEE SCHOLARSHIP AWARD’, from Indian Ambassador to Nepal, Rakesh Sood.

Hard working students need to be awarded and they should be given more chances to show their talent and they should be encouraged to work for the country. Every good work needs to be cherished and should be brought to the public. Though one might feel this is a very minute success, but for a student every single success is a massive SUCCESS.

Thus I would like to congratulate him in this success. Congratulations my friend and do the best on coming days. All the very best for that and we’ll be looking forward to other such triumph.

क्षय रोग विरुद्घ विद्यार्थीहरुको पहल

2010-03-25T08:43:00.000-07:00

११ चैत्र
काभ्रे, काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालय

हिजो चैत्र ११ गते अर्थात क्षयरोग दिवस । हरेक वर्ष जस्तै यस वर्ष पनि विभिन्न कार्यक्रम गरि यो दिवस नेपालभरी मनाइएको छ । त्यस्तै यस विश्वविद्यालयको परम्परा अनुरुप काठमाडौँ विश्वविद्यालय युथ रेडक्रस सर्कल (के.यू.आर्.सि. सि.) र फार्मेसी फ्याकल्टीका विद्यार्थीहरुको पहलमा क्षयरोग सम्बन्धी जनचेतना जगाउनका निम्ति एक ¥यालीको आयोजना गरिएको थियो । उक्त ¥याली विहान आठ बजे के. यू. गेटबाट सुरु भएको थियो । अठ्ठाइस किलो हुँदै धुलिखेल पुगी त्यहाँ रहेको जिल्ला क्षयरोग निवारण केन्द्रमा पुगी पुनः धुलिखेल बजार परिक्रमा गरी कोणसभा गरी सम्पन्न भएको थियो ।

जनमानसलाई क्षयरोग र यसबाट बच्नसक्ने उपायबारे सूचित गरिएको थियो । ¥यालीमा सहभागी हुन विश्वविद्यालयबाट करिव तीन सयको हाराहारीमा विद्यार्थीहरु आएका थिए भने धुलिखेलसम्म पुग्दा सहभागीको सङ्ख्या बढ्दो रुपमै रहेका थिए । जनतालाई धुम्रपान र सुर्तीजन्य पदार्थले गर्ने असरबारे जानकारी सहभागी जिल्ला क्षयरोग निवारण कार्यलयका पदाधिकारीहरुले दिनुभएको थियो । साथै विद्यार्थीहरुबाट भएको यस सुरुवातलाई निरन्तरता दिन क्षयरोग निवारण कार्यलयले अन्य कार्यक्रम पनि गर्ने प्रतिवद्ददता गरेको छ ।

के.यू.आर्.सि. सि. का प्रतिनिधि अनिश श्रेष्ठका अनुसार आगामी दिनहरुमा पनि यस किसिमका कार्यक्रम निरन्तर गरिने जानकारी दिनुभयो । जनमानसलाई थोरै भएपनि जानकारी दिनु विद्यार्थी भएका नाताले आवश्यक भएकाले यस्ता कार्यक्रमलाई सहयोग गरिदिन सम्बन्धित निकायलाई अनुरोध पनि गर्नुभयो । “ चुरोट, सुर्ती नखाऔँ, क्षयरोगलाई भगाऔँ” भन्ने नाराका साथ सुरु भएको यस ¥यालीले थोरै भएपनि समाजलाई सचेत गराउने काम गरेको छ ।

Funny incident that happened with me

2009-10-31T03:41:00.000-07:00

Narrate a funny moment of your life.

I was in class ten when a funny incident happened with me. I had never been to swimming pool till that date. So, I and two of my friends made a plan to go swimming. They reached before me as I had to get a new swimming costume for myself. I was so excited that I went inside a room that came very first and changed my costume. While I was coming out of the room, everyone laughed at me. My friends and others who were inside and outside the pool started laughing at me. I was kind of wondering what might have gone wrong with my costume or me. Soon after I came to know that I had entered in ladies changing. And this was the most funny incident that had happened with me.

WISHES

2009-10-08T00:43:00.000-07:00

WISH a four letter word has much importance in human's life.

From the early childhood days to the time when we are about to count last minutes of our life we keep on wishing.Let's get into the wishing world.

When you get into this world you are already 9 months old. Still you are considered as a "baby of 24 hours".During these 9 months time you and your wishes were unknowingly fulfilled by your mother.

when you are of the age so called 1 day child - 1 year. You are fed by your parents and fulfilled all your needs.

When you are old enough that you can talk, then you start your list of wishes.

When you get into your schooling days, then you wish to get yourselves transformed like your friends; with similar clothings, similar accessories and even hairstyles.

When you are all set to go to college, then you wish for something like bikes, mobiles, i pods, and many other items for the means of entertainment, and a sweet partner to make use of all these things.

When you get into relationship, you cross all the boundaries and desires. You dream of someone who is beyond your capability.

------>>> After you get married---->>
life seems to be full of wishes and you dream of fulfilling your wishes; wife's wishes, children's wishes, parents' wishes.

When you get old, you wish to get back to the golden days: you wish to go cycling with your friends, you wish to do all those naughty tasks one more time. You wish to live life like your children and grand children.

With all these wishes one's life comes to an end , but still his/her wishes are not fulfilled.
If luck is with you, your wishes seems to be fulfilled, if not its your hard luck!!!

Aameer JOC

Recalling the PAST .... Directing a DRAMA

2009-10-07T03:13:00.000-07:00

WINNERS Don’t Do Different Things, THEY Do Things Differently. It is a great voyage for me today, when I turn out the pages of my Xavier Academy days and recall all those precious moments spent with my friends, colleagues, juniors, seniors and my honourable teachers, in this past two years. I really commemorate all those classes, events in my college and various personality development programs and functions, which has really helped me a lot today to stand infront of the competitive world.

Though I’ve always been an average student, yet I always had an interest in extra activities, specially in performing dramatics, since, I used to do so in my past school days. Whereas, I never performed in my college as I did not had any peer support to do so. I used to think no body in this college would have an interest in performing a drama. But …..I had to pack-up with my nonsense thoughts soon, as I came to an account with my friends who had much interest in performing a drama. May I call it a co-incident or my luck having being able to meet them..! Whatever is it; was really a whimsical moment of my life. We, as a whole started working as a team and I was given the responsibility to direct the play. Although it was a great task for me to select the characters among many, for the play and appoint their suitable roles accordingly, I really would like to thank all of them for their friendly co-operation without which this team work would not have been succeeded. With a joint venture of The Student Council and some of my friends we came up with an idea of performing it on the day of annual function “ Talent Show ’07”. But we had a confusion about performing the play based on only moral theme or a humorous one. After a long discussion we came up with the decision to perform a humorous one. Then and there I had a base line of the drama and that was none other than Ramayana. One of our team member suggested to make it a bit modern. So the base line of the drama was clear and we titled the drama as “Ramayana Reloaded”.

After this we had to work in giving roles and characters for the correct person in the team for the play. Basically we took all the protagonists of Ramayana excluding our very own Hanuman as no one was convinced to perform with a tail. Having around 8 characters from Ramayana we still had to introduce 10 more characters. So, we decided to appoint those 10 characters from Mahabharata and movies that hit the most countdown at that moment, to give a flavour of modernization. When this task and story line was completed, we had to write script which was not that very difficult task, as everyone had their unique ideas. Infact, personally, I was enjoying myself when my colleagues would tickle my funny bones with their comedy dialogues. I could imagine Dasarath entering the stage with his three wives in the beat of “Om Shanti Om”, Sita stepping up with the track like “ Crazy kiya re” and Ram singing “ Hare Ram Hare Ram Hare Krishna Hare Ram”.

Basically this drama was a set where Sita was taking an audition for her appropriate husband. To give the audition people like Ram along with Lakshman, Rawan, Cine stars like Dharmendra, Rajesh Hamal, Duryodhan etc had made their presence. But as a fact Ram battles Rawan for Sita. This was not the end of our reloaded, as Dasarath finds another girl for him which brings another twist in our drama. The moment when Draupadi performs dance to entertain people, Duryodhan comes up and starts the “ Vastraharan Scene” from Mahabharat which was a memorable scene of the play. While the another breath taking scene was when Rawan was compelled to have crush on Manjolika when the Bhool Bhulaiya scene was introduced.

With this I not only enjoyed myself but also learn many things like leadership, adjusting with new people etc. I still can’t stop my lips widening and burst in laughter when I remember about the drama which we had performed. “We meet to create memories and depart to cherish them.” It was a great pleasure for me to meet all these wonderful people in Xavier Academy. All those memories spent with everyone will always be fresh and alive through out my whole life. We really had a great time while practicing for it. Though it was not professional, but everyone of us had given our best to it. Anyways, I’m really gonna miss all those awesome days which will really bring tears in my eyes. And as everyone knows, “Memories are really very amazing. It makes us laugh when we remember those moments when we had cried together. And makes us cry today when we remember those moments when we had laughed together.”

Boys and Girls should attend a separate school

2009-07-17T14:02:00.000-07:00

Boys and Girls should attend a separate school. Do you agree or disagree?

I totally disagree in the statement that ‘boys and girls should attend a separate school’ this is because there is no any written proof in the law of the country that they should attend a separate school. This is the 21st century and there are lots of differences in human civilization as compared to the previous days. In the earlier days it may be possible for girls and boys to attend a separate school due to the old customs and traditions. But present generation cannot follow and continue with the old traditions.

Many incidents have proved that girls can do anything that the boys can do. So there will be no reason to exist that they should not be treated equally. It is better for both the boys and the girls to attend the same school. If they attend the separate school both of them will lack the mutual understanding between their feelings. Both of them should get the equal opportunity to take part in the different activities of the school and they should also be provided with the same facilities which the boys get. In my opinion both the boys and the girls can be a good friend of each other.